英语定语从句用法浅析

2017-07-24 03:50商靖
科教导刊·电子版 2017年13期

商靖

摘 要 本文介绍了英语定语从句的定义和分类,对其用法中值得注意的问题进行了具体分析,以帮助学习者了解英语定语从句的具体应用。

关键词 英语定语从句 先行词 关系代词

中图分类号:H31 文献标识码:A

1英语定语从句的定义

英语定语从句是英语语法中的一个重要语法项目。英语定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导,对先行词进行修饰,在句子中起定语作用的从句,被修饰的先行词可以是名词、代词或者是句子。英语定语从句中的关系代词包括who,whom,whose,which,that,as,英语定语从句中的关系副词包括when,where,why,这些词在英语定语从句中担任句子成分。在英語定语从句中,如果关系代词作为从句的主语,那么从句中的谓语动词需要通过先行词的人称和数来确定。

在英语定语从句中,关系代词可以代替人、代替物、同时指代人和物,可以是主格、宾格、所有格,关系代词及关系副词的作用非常明显,要做好英语定语从句的用法分析和语法研究。

2英语定语从句的分类

在英语定语从句中,根据从句与先行词的紧密关系程度,分为限定性定语从句和非限定性从句。限定性定语从句对先行词有限定作用,不可省略,否则句子的意义就不完整,而非限定性定于从句只是对先行词做一些附加说明,与先行词的关系并不紧密,常用逗号与主句隔开,可以省略而并不影响整个句子语义。

3英语定语从句的用法中值得注意的问题

(1)定语从句的时态和主句的时态可以不一致,即定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制(这与宾语从句不同)。

如:The man you saw yesterday will come here again tomorrow.

(2)关系代词whom、which、that在定语从句中作宾语时才可省略,作主语时不可省略,其它关系词一般不可省略。

(3)关系代词whom、which作定语从句中介词的宾语时,有时介词可提到whom、which之前。而关系代词who(代替whom)、that也可作定语从句介词的宾语,但介词却不可提到who、that之前。

例:①Tom is the man (whom/who/that) she talked with just now.

=Tom is the man with whom(who€?that€? she talked just now.

②The room (which/that) she lives in is a large one.

=The room in which(that€? she lives is a large one.

(4)关系代词who、that、which在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句的谓语动词在人称和数上要和先行词一致,而不是和关系代词一致!(因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词)。

例:①I know the girl who/that is singing.

比较:I know the girls who/that are singing.

②In the river, there is a boat that looks like a goose.

比较:In the river, there are some boats that look like geese

(5)定语从句中要避免出现与先行词、关系词在意义和作用上重复的成分。

例:①This is the book ( that ) I like it. €?

②This is the man who/that he helped me.. €?

③This is the man whose his name is Bob. €?

说明:以上三个例子去掉划线的词就正确了。

也不可说:This is the man that his name is Bob. €祝ü叵荡恃〈砹耍桓糜胻hat,应该用whose,同时去掉his。)

(6)定语从句一般都是紧挨着先行词之后,但有时在先行词和定语从句之间也会插入其他成分。这种情况往往在插入的成分和定语从句之间用逗号隔开。

例:①There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are(is€? like the sun.

②比较:There are many nice pictures in the book, which I like.

在那本书里有许多我喜欢的漂亮图片。

≠There are many nice pictures in the book which I like.

在那本我喜欢的书里有许多漂亮图片。

(7)关系副词与关系代词的转换(这实质上是也是属于先行词的选择问题)

关系代词和关系副词一般是不能直接转换的,但有时可以间接转换。

例:①This is the house ( that/which ) he lives in.

=This is the house in which he lives .

=This is the house where he lives.

② Ill never forget the day when they came here.

=Ill never forget the day on which they came here.

③This is the reason why he is often late.

=This is the reason for which he is often late.

小结:关系副词(when、where、why) = 介词 + 关系代词which

(8)定语从句与adj.、分词、短语作定语的转换情况

定语从句有时常可与adj.、分词、短语作定语转换。

例:①Everyone likes books that are interesting.

=Everyone likes interesting books.

②The boy who is running is Jim.

=The running boy is Jim.

③The boy who is running on the playground is Jim.

=The boy running on the playground is Jim.

④The girl who is under the tree is Lucy.

= The girl under the tree is Lucy.

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