基底节区急性脑梗死M1段血管斑块的T1W-3D-VISTA诊断研究

2017-05-12 09:31赵庆龙刘天怡杨诗琪李露露刘鹏飞李国忠王巍崔英哲
磁共振成像 2017年1期
关键词:侧壁信号强度基底节

赵庆龙,刘天怡,杨诗琪,李露露,刘鹏飞*,李国忠,王巍,崔英哲

基底节区急性脑梗死M1段血管斑块的T1W-3D-VISTA诊断研究

赵庆龙1,刘天怡2,杨诗琪2,李露露1,刘鹏飞1*,李国忠2,王巍1,崔英哲1

目的利用T1W 3D-VISTA磁共振成像序列对基底节区急性缺血性脑卒中患者大脑中动脉M1段血管斑块分布、信号以及相关临床特点进行分析。材料与方法对MR DWI诊断为大脑中动脉供血区急性缺血性脑卒中的患者行颅内动脉MRA、大脑中动脉T1W 3D-VISTA扫描,根据梗死部位将患者分为基底节组(基底节区/基底节区合并基底节区外脑梗死)和非基底节组(不包含基底节区脑梗死),研究两组患者梗死同侧斑块在M1段血管壁的分布,斑块与胼胝体相对信号强度比值(contrast ratio,CR),以及相关临床特点分析。结果52例急性大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死伴有同侧中动脉粥样硬化斑块患者(基底节组:30例,非基底节组:22例),一共1560幅图像被研究,其中251幅图像包含斑块,基底节组的上侧壁斑块所占比例(37.74%)较非基底节组(10.26%)大,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004),基底节组的下侧(26.42%)及腹侧(13.21%)斑块所占比例较非基底节组的下侧(48.72%)及腹侧(33.33%)斑块所占比例小,差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.047,0.039)。基底节组斑块相对信号强度(CR)较非基底节组小(均值分别为0.84,0.92),差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。两组之间相关临床因素(年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、饮酒、BMI、入院24 h NIHSS评分、卒中家族史)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论T1W-3D-VISTA序列可以检测大脑中动脉斑块的分布及相对信号强度,与非基底节区急性脑梗死患者相比,基底节区急性脑梗死患者脑中动脉M1段斑块更多分布于上侧壁,下侧及腹侧壁相对较少,基底节区急性脑梗死患者中动脉斑块相对更稳定。

脑梗塞;磁共振成像;大脑中动脉;斑块,动脉粥样硬化

赵庆龙, 刘天怡, 杨诗琪, 等. 基底节区急性脑梗死M1段血管斑块的T1W-3DVISTA诊断研究. 磁共振成像, 2017, 8(1): 17-21.

急性缺血性脑卒中是一种好发于中老年患者的具有高致死率和致残率的疾病。研究显示,与欧美国家的常由颅外血管疾病引起脑卒中不同,亚洲人群由于人种、环境、饮食等多种原因,致使颅内动脉粥样硬化引起的缺血性脑卒中占有更大的比重[1]。医学影像技术的进步,特别是磁共振血管高分辨技术的快速发展[2],使从病因学角度评估颅内动脉粥样硬化的各种特征成为可能。笔者利用T1W 3D-VISTA磁共振成像序列来研究基底节区急性脑梗死患者大脑中动脉M1段斑块的具体分布、信号特点以及对相关临床特点进行分析。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究对象

连续搜集哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院神经内科2015年10月至2016年9月间52例经DWI诊断为急性大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死,且经MRA及T1W 3D-VISTA证实梗死同侧伴有大脑中动脉M1段动脉硬化斑块存在的患者,其中男性37例,女性15例,平均年龄(59.21±10.96)岁。52例患者中,包含基底节区组30例(基底节区/基底节区合并基底节区外脑梗死),非基底节区组22例(不包含基底节区梗死),共有1560幅图像被研究,其中251幅图像包含斑块(基底节组147幅,非基底节组104幅),相关临床特征信息被采集分析(表1),斑块以分布在中动脉M1段的上侧壁,下侧壁,腹侧壁及背侧壁在两组中分别被对比分析,每个斑块以在各象限分布情况分别计入上、下、腹、背各组,当斑块分布在两个或两个以上象限时,则该斑块所在的每个象限计数均加一(图1);因为胼胝体组织结构相对稳定,斑块的信号强度按其与同次检查中同一患者胼胝体信号间的比值(CR)来表示。所有患者都进行了头部DWI、MRA、T1W-3D-VISTA及颈内动脉超声扫描。所有患者都签署了知情同意书。

1.2 入组条件

(1) DWI确诊为急性大脑中动脉供血区脑梗死;(2)梗死同侧颈内动脉经超声检查狭窄率<50%;(3)排除心脏疾病患者;(4)图像质量能够满足斑块诊断要求。

1.3 检查方法

所有患者均使用Philips公司生产的Achieva 3.0 T磁共振扫描仪,16通道标准头部正交线圈。所有患者均在入院3 d内进行了DWI扫描,然后先行3D-TOF MRA扫描,之后利用MRA图像定位进行大脑中动脉T1W 3D-VISTA扫描。DWI参数如下:TR 2170 ms,TE 45 ms,FOV 230 mm× 230 mm×119 mm,层厚4 mm,矩阵112×89;3D-TOF MRA参数:TR 25 ms,TE 3.5 ms,FOV 180 mm×180 mm×85 mm,层厚 1.4 mm,矩阵256×256;T1W 3D-VISTA参数:TR 800 ms,TE 18 ms,FOV 130 mm×130 mm×40 mm,层厚0.6 mm,矩阵330×300。

1.4 图像分析

图像采集完成后传输到Achieva副台后处理工作站进行处理,T1W 3D-VISTA图像沿大脑中动脉M1段短轴方向进行重建。每一名患者的图像均由2名从事MRI诊断工作10年以上的影像诊断医师进行盲法评片,两个人都不知道患者的临床信息,观测梗死位置,斑块在血管壁上侧、下侧、腹侧及背侧的具体分布。在斑块信号最高处选取0.1 mm2感兴趣区,每处测三次取均值,沿胼胝体轮廓选取感兴趣区(图2),计算斑块与胼胝体信号的比值(contrast ratio,CR)。意见不一致时协商解决。T1W 3D-VISTA图像质量分为4级:1级,图像不能显示血管壁;2级,血管壁可见,但管壁结构和管壁、管腔轮廓模糊;3级,管壁结构显示清楚,仅局部略模糊;4级,管壁结构及管腔、管壁轮廓均显示清晰。图像质量分级≤2级的患者予以排除。排除2例图像质量分级≤2级患者;排除一例梗死同侧伴有大脑中动脉夹层患者。

1.5 统计分析

计数资料采用百分比的表达形式,计量资料采用平均值±标准差的形式,计数资料组间比较采用卡方检验,计量资料组间比较采用独立样本t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。应用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行数据处理。

2 结果

最终符合标准的患者共52例,基底节组患者有30例,非基底节组有22例,本研究中仅有1例大脑中动脉狭窄率大于50%。所有52例患者一共1560幅图像被研究,其中251幅图像包含斑块(基底节组:147幅,非基底节组:104幅),基底节组的上侧壁斑块所占比例(37.74%)较非基底节组(10.26%)大,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004),基底节组的下侧(26.42%)及腹侧(13.21%)斑块所占比例较非基底节组的下侧(48.72%)及腹侧(33.33%)斑块所占比例小,差异有统计学意义(P值分别为0.047,0.039),基底节组及非基底节组背侧壁斑块所占比例分别为22.64%及7.69%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.085)。基底节组及非基底节组斑块相对信号强度(CR)均值分别为0.84 (0.76~0.99),0.92 (0.81~1.06),基底节组斑块相对信号强度低于非基底节组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001;图3)。所有52例患者中,男性(37例,71.2%)及高血压患者(32例,61.5%)所占比例较大,其余临床相关因素(糖尿病14例,26.9%;血脂异常21例,40.4%;吸烟19例,36.5%;饮酒18例,34.6%;卒中家族史13例,25.0%)所占比例较小,基底节组与非基底节组之间相关临床因素(年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、饮酒、BMI、入院24 h NIHSS评分、卒中家族史)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。

3 讨论

大脑中动脉供血区缺血性脑梗死病因复杂,而脑血管病在其发病的病因中占有越来越大的比重[3]。验尸报告表 明 ,90% 的 动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者都伴有颅内血管的粥样硬化斑块存在,43.2%的脑梗死患者伴有动脉粥样硬化所致管腔狭窄[4],这说明脑动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成、发展和破裂很可能是诱发其相应供血区缺血性脑卒中的重要原因之一[5]。

以现有的影像诊断技术来研究脑卒中患者颅内血管动脉粥样硬化性改变,有MRA、CTA、DSA、超声等检查手段,在这些检查中,超声由于颅骨的存在,所以在颅内血管检测上受到了极大的限制;MRA及CTA只能根据血流的流动变化来检测管腔内情况,对血管腔狭窄程度较轻的或者斑块正性重构较好[6]的血管壁病变则难以发现;CTA对于斑块的钙化及新鲜出血敏感[7],而对不含钙化或新鲜出血的斑块则难以分辨,而且颅内动脉管径较细,斑块较小,以CTA的分辨率往往难以做出明确诊断。DSA在判断是否狭窄及小血管显示上更加精确[8],而无法从病因学上诊断狭窄处的具体变化,如斑块在血管壁横断面的具体分布、偏心性还是向心性、斑块的稳定性以及与附近穿支血管的关系等,这些因素与脑梗死发生之间都存在关联,对临床诊断与治疗具有指导性的意义。T1W 3D-VISTA序列由于自身特性,能够抑制血流信号,对斑块及血管壁轮廓显示清晰,同时易于发现动脉夹层及动脉瘤等其他病因[9-10],相对于传统的MRA、CTA及DSA等检查手段,能够从病因角度更好地对脑血管病作出诊断。显微解剖学研究表明,大脑中动脉穿支动脉多呈直角自大脑中动脉M1段的上壁和后侧壁发出,从主干发出后呈梳齿状平行排列进入前穿质[11]。本研究结果显示斑块主要位于下侧管壁,即脑穿支开口的对侧,这与以往的文献报道接近[12],且这种分布与身体中其他大血管动脉斑块分布情况类似,如颈动脉分叉处,由于血流动力学变化,扰流和低壁面切应力形成等因素更容易形成斑块及促进斑块的进展[13]。本研究中,基底节组脑梗死患者上侧壁斑块比例明显多于非基底节组,这可能是由于这些斑块离穿支动脉口近,而位于穿支动脉开口附近的斑块无论引起血流异常或者继续生长、破裂都更易造成穿支的血流变化,继而造成基底节区脑梗死。Zhao等[14]也报道与非症状患者相比,出现症状患者的斑块会更多地位于大脑中动脉管壁的上侧。

图1 大脑中动脉斑块在上、下、腹、背侧的分布划分(A),箭所示为分别在上、背、下、腹侧的典型斑块(B~E) 图2 典型右侧基底节区急性脑梗死患者,女,51岁,DWI上右侧基底节区明显高信号(A),3D-TOF MRA像未见异常狭窄征象(B),梗死同侧右侧大脑中动脉M1段T1W-3DVISTA扫描可见管壁上侧斑块,CR=0.91(C~E);动脉管壁斑块及胼胝体信号测量:分别选取感兴趣区(D~E)Fig. 1 The alignment grid demonstrates the dividing method of the distribution of middle cerebral artery plaques (A) and the arrow shows examples of plaques involving the superior, dorsal, inferior, or ventral wall, respectively (B—E). Fig. 2 A typical patient with acute cerebral infarction of right basal ganglia region, female, 51 years old. The infarction is revealed on diffusion-weighted images (A). 3D-TOF MRA shows no obvious abnormal signs of stenosis (B). A ipsilateral plaque of the superior wall whose CR is 0.91 is observed on T1W-3D-VISTA (C—E). The method of measurement of plaques and the corpus callosum: select the ROI, respectively (D—E).

图3 基底节组与非基底节组大脑中动脉M1段斑块在T1WI 3D-VISTA上的相对信号强度(CR)。在T1WI 3D-VISTA上,基底节组斑块相对信号强度(CR)均值低于非基底节组Fig. 3 The relative signal intensity of plaques of BG and N-BG on T1WI 3D-VISTA at M1. On T1WI 3D-VISTA, the mean of CRs of the plaques of BG was lower in the M1 segment than that in the N-BG.

血管壁斑块是否稳定决定于其组织成分,含有斑块内出血及脂质核心的斑块相对更不稳定[15]。相对于颅外血管斑块,颅内血管斑块成分分析的影像诊断过去一直是难题。近年来磁共振高分辨序列对颅内动脉斑块组织成分的信号表现的研究发展迅速[2], 之 前 文 献 报 道 磁 共 振 高 分辨血管成像T1WI上斑块信号强度越高往往更易合并斑块内出血或脂质核心[16-17],这是易损斑块的常见特征,本研究结果显示基底节组患者M1段血管壁斑块相对信号强度小于非基底节区组,这表明本研究中基底节组脑梗死患者斑块相对更稳定。

表1 基底节组和非基底节组相关临床特点比较Tab.1 The comparison of clinical characteristics between BG and N-BG

本研究显示高血压患者所占比例较大,以往研究发现高血压引起的脑血管病可引起脑卒中、腔梗及脑微出血[18-19]等多种急慢性脑组织损害,是动脉粥样硬化及斑块形成的高危风险因素,而血压的突然升高或降低可能是引起急性脑血管病的病因之一。Mia-Jeanne等[20]也指出高血压、血脂异常及吸烟是动脉粥样硬化斑块形成及心脑血管病发生的重要危险因素,然而本研究中血脂异常及吸烟患者所占比例较小,这可能与样本量较小和患者出现症状后调节自身生活习惯及用药治疗有关。本研究中男性患者占有较大比例,糖尿病、肥胖、饮酒患者比例较小,这可能是由地域、环境及生活习惯导致的。笔者发现基底节组与非基底节组两组患者之间相关临床因素比较无明显差异。

这项研究还有一些不足:(1)研究患者例数少;(2)没有病理学结果的支持;(3)没有专业的后处理软件对图像进行处理分析。将来我们将继续入组新的患者,争取取得相关病理学结果,并计划引进专业的血管处理软件,不断完善研究,这将是我们进一步研究的方向。

总之,T1W 3D-VISTA可以检测急性中动脉供血区脑卒中患者大脑中动脉的斑块分布特点与相对信号强度。与非基底节区急性脑梗死患者相比,基底节区急性脑梗死患者脑中动脉M1段斑块更多分布于上侧壁,下侧及腹侧壁相对较少,基底节区急性脑梗死患者中动脉斑块相对更稳定。

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The diagnostic study of T1-weighted 3D volumetric isotropic TSE acquisition in evaluating characteristics of plaques of middle cerebral artery in acute ischemic stroke of basal ganglia

ZHAO Qing-long1, LIU Tian-yi2, YANG Shi-qi2, LI Lu-lu1, LIU Peng-fei1*, LI Guozhong2, WANG Wei1, CUI Ying-zhe11Department of Magnetic Resonance, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
2Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
*

Liu PF, E-mail: liup.fei@163.com
Received 12 Nov 2016, Accepted 10 Dec 2016

Objective:To evaluate the characteristics of plaques of middle cerebral artery (MCA) in acute ischemic stroke of basal ganglia using T1-weighted 3D Volumetric Isotropic TSE Acquisition (T1W 3D-VISTA) and its clinical relevance.Materials and Methods:Patients with acute ischemic stroke of middle cerebral artery territory, which were diagnosed by DWI, underwent both MRA and T1W 3D-VISTA examinations. Patients were divided into two groups according to the distribution of infarction, one contained basal ganglia (BG, basal ganglia/ basal ganglia as well as the area outside of it) and the other did not contain basal ganglia (N-BG). Distribution of blood vessel walls and the contrast ratio (CR) of signal intensity of the plaques to that of the corpus callosum were compared between BG and N-BG and their clinical characteristics were evaluated.Results:Among 52 patients with cerebral infarction and ipsilateral plaques in M1 (BG 30 and N-BG 22), a total of 1560 image slices were studied. Overall, of the 251 slices with identified plaques, the plaques located at superior wall of BG (37.74%) accounted for a higher proportion as compared with N-BG (10.26%)(P=0.004), and the plaques located at inferior wall (26.42%) and ventral wall (13.21%) of BG accounted for a lower proportion as compared with the plaques located at inferior wall (48.72%) and ventral wall (33.33%) of N-BG (P=0.047 and 0.039,respectively). The average signal intensity (CRs) of plaques of BG was lower as compared with plaques of N-BG (mean, 0.84 and 0.92, respectively, P=0.001). The clinical characteristics (including age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, drinking, BMI, NIHSS score within 24 hours after admission, family history of stroke) had no significant difference between BG and N-BG (P>0.05).Conclusion:T1W-3D-VISTA can detect the distribution of arterial atherosclerotic plaques and the relative signal intensity. As compared with plaques of N-BG, the plaques of BG are relatively more stable and account for a higher proportion at superior wall and a lower proportion at inferior wall and ventral wall of MCA M1 segment.

Brain Infarction; Magnetic resonance imaging; Middle cerebral artery; Plaque, atherosclerotic

1. 哈尔滨医科大学附属第一临床医学院磁共振科,哈尔滨 150001

刘鹏飞,E-mail:liup.fei@163.com

2016-11-12

R445.2;R743.33

A

10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.01.005

2. 哈尔滨医科大学附属第一临床医学院神经内科,哈尔滨 150001

接受日期:2016-12-10

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