赵亚杰,曹江北,彭 鹏,陈 岗,米卫东*,徐龙河
(1解放军总医院麻醉手术中心,北京 100853;2解放军总医院海南分院麻醉手术中心,三亚 572013)
腹部开放性手术创伤大,时间长,术后恢复较慢,并发症发生率高,老年患者由于肺功能退化及合并多种疾病,术后更易发生肺部并发症,发生率可高达9%~40%。合理的肺保护性通气策略能有效降低腹部手术患者术后肺部并发症的发生率[1,2]。 但是,国内外报道的保护性通气策略多采用容量控制(volume-controlled ventilation,VCV)模式,而压力控制(pressure-controlled ventilation,PCV)模式的优劣尚不清楚。因此,本研究对PCV和VCV模式肺保护性通气策略对老年开腹手术患者呼吸力学、血气和术后并发症的影响进行了比较,为临床优化麻醉呼吸管理提供理论支持。
入选解放军总医院接受腹部开放手术的老年患者70例,男39例,女31例,年龄65~82岁。采用随机数字表法分为PCV组和VCV组,每组35例。纳入标准:美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiology,ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ级;体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)18~30 kg/m2;择期全麻下腹部手术患者,预期手术时间>2 h。排除标准:严重心功能不全,恶性心律失常;各种原因导致的急性呼吸衰竭;败血症或感染性休克;胸片或CT显示肺大泡、气胸等有肺部损伤患者;合并严重肺动脉高压、颅内压升高等肺复张的禁忌证;近期接受过肺活检或肺切除术者;手术时间>8 h;出血量>1000 ml;术中发生严重的心脑血管意外或过敏反应。本研究已获医院的医学伦理委员会批准(批号:S2016-033-02),并与患者或家属签订知情同意书。
患者进入手术室后开放外周静脉通路,常规监测心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、心率(heart rate,HR)、血压(blood pressure,BP)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、血氧饱和度(blood oxygen sataration,SaO2)和脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS),局麻下行桡动脉穿刺置管监测有创动脉血压。静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05 mg/kg、丙泊酚1~2 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg、舒芬太尼 0.4 μg/kg行麻醉诱导,气管插管成功后,连接麻醉机进行机械通气。麻醉维持采用静吸复合麻醉,静脉泵注丙泊酚2~4 mg/(kg·h)和瑞芬太尼0.1~0.5 μg/(kg·min),吸入七氟醚1%~2%,间断追加罗库溴铵,BIS维持在45~60。术中采用目标导向液体治疗,使脉搏压变异度<13。术后采用静脉镇痛泵模式镇痛。
术中调整吸气峰压,根据预测体重(predicted body weight,PBW)维持潮气量(tidal volume,VT)6~8 ml/kg,呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP) 5 cmH2O,每30 min进行一次肺复张(recruitment maneuver,RM)。术中通气均采用纯氧,氧流量为1.5~2.0 L/min,吸呼比 (inspiratory:expiratory, I∶E)为1∶2,调节通气频率(respiratory rate,RR)使呼气末二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide ,PETCO2)维持在35~45 mmHg。
记录患者插管前(T0)、插管机械通气3 min(T1)、手术开始后(T2)、手术2 h(T3)、手术结束后(T4)和拔管后5 min(T5)的HR和BP,并在T1、T2、T3、T4时间点记录气道峰压(peak pressure,Ppeak)、平均压(mean pressure,Pmean)、VT和RR;在T0、T1、T3和 T5时间点取桡动脉血进行血气分析(GEM Premier3000,美国IL),同时记录患者住院期间并发症。其中肺部并发症包括低氧血症、有创呼吸支持、肺炎、急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)。系统并发症还包括全身炎症反应综合征(systemic inflammatory response syndrome,SIRS)、脓毒血症、肺外感染、心脑血管意外和胃肠功能障碍等。
PCV组2例手术时间<2 h,2例麻醉时间>8 h,1例术中出血>1000 ml,共排除5例,最终30例纳入研究。 VCV组1例手术时间<2 h,2例失访,共排除3例,最终32例纳入研究。两组患者基本资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05;表1)。 PCV组患者RM为8.0(7.8,10.0)次,VCV组患者RM为8.0(6.0,9.8)次,其他术中情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05;表2)。
表1 两组患者一般资料比较Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between two groups
BMI: body mass index; PBW: predicted body weight; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiology. Male: PBW=50+0.91×(height-152.4); Female: PBW=45.5+0.91×(height-152.4)
结果表明,PCV组患者T2、T3、T4时间点气道峰压显著低于VCV组(P<0.05)。手术开始后HR、MAP呈下降趋势,PCV组患者T2、T3、T4时间点MAP较VCV组高,T4时间点最高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05;表3)。
表2两组患者术中一般情况比较
Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative data between two groups
Item PCVgroup(n=30)VCVgroup(n=32)PvalueDurationofanesthesia(min)235.8±60.1213.4±66.00.172Durationofsurgery(min)181.0±54.8159.5±57.90.138Bloodloss(ml)208.6±170.1139.7±89.50.058Urineoutput(ml)315.0±204.7296.9±233.10.747Fluidadministration(ml)2898.0±810.42563.8±452.80.053Colloidalsolution(ml)620.0±358.5518.8±230.60.188Crystalsolution(ml)2130.0±461.61946.9±345.20.081
PCV组和VCV组患者T0、T1、T3、T5时间点动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of artery oxygen,PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of artery carbon dioxide,PaCO2)和氧合指数(oxygenation index,OI)差异无统计学意义。相比VCV组患者,PCV组患者T3时间点乳酸水平较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。相比T0时间点,T5时间点两组患者pH、PaO2和OI均明显下降(P<0.05;表4)。
PCV组和VCV组患者住院时间差异有统计学意义[(18.3±5.3)vs(15.6±4.5)d,P=0.045]。PCV组患者2例(6.7%)转入重症监护病房,VCV组患者9例(28.1%)转入重症监护病房,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05;表5)。
表3 两组患者呼吸参数和血流动力学比较Table 3 Comparison of respiratory parameters and hemodynamics between two groups
VT: tidal volume; MAP: mean arterial pressure; HR: heart rate; PETCO2: partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide; Ppeak: peak airway pressure; Pmean: mean airway pressure; RR: respiratory rate; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure. T1: 3 min after intubation; T2: immediately after surgery began; T3: 2 h after surgery; T4: end of surgery. Compared with VCV group,*P<0.05
表4 两组患者血气指标比较Table 4 Comparison of blood gas indices between two
PaO2: partial pressure of artery oxygen; PaCO2: partial pressure of artery carbon dioxide; OI: oxygenation index. OI= PaO2/FIO2(FIO2: fraction of inspiration O2). T0: pre-intubation; T1: 3 min after intubation; T3: 2 h after surgery; T5: 5 min post-extubation. Compared with VCV group,*P<0.05; compared with T0,#P<0.05
表5 两组患者临床转归比较Table 5 Comparison of clinical outcome between two groups [n(%)]
ICU: intensive care unit; ARF: acute respiratory failure; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome.*The pulmonary complications are a composite of major pulmonary complications (defined as hyoxemia, need for invasive ventilation,pneumonia, acute respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome). *The systemic complications are a composite of major pulmonary complications and extrapulmonary complications(defined as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, extrapulmonary infection,cardiocerebral events, gastrointestinal dysfunction)
肺保护性通气策略主要用于治疗ALI和ARDS[3,4],也有研究表明该策略同样能改善全麻患者肺功能, 减少术后并发症[1.5]。 本研究两组患者均采用小潮气量机械通气,能减少肺泡过度扩张和高吸气压引起的肺损伤[6], 联合使用PEEP可提高肺组织顺应性,减少肺内分流和增加动脉氧合,而RM可增强PEEP对肺组织的有利作用[7]。高水平PEEP(12 cmH2O)并不能预防术后肺部并发症,且术中低血压的发生率更高[8],故本研究采用中等水平PEEP(5 cmH2O)和肺复张策略以对抗全麻后功能残气量下降,减少肺不张区域,改善通气血流比例和动脉氧合。也有研究推荐根据静态压力-容量曲线,PEEP值可设为高于拐点2 cmH2O,从而可因人而异[9]。
Amato等[10]发现高驱动压可致ARDS患者预后恶化,驱动压与ARDS患者预后关系紧密。Neto等[11]也发现高水平驱动压可导致术后肺部并发症增多。驱动压为潮气量与呼吸系统静态顺应性(compliance respiratory static,CRS)之比,公式为△P=VT/CRS,可综合考虑潮气量和气道压的共同作用,也可简化为平台压与PEEP的差值。PCV模式在吸气时采用减速气流,可防止局部肺泡过度充气及肺泡压过高,有利于肺泡复张[12];VCV模式在吸气时采用恒速气流,为克服气道阻力吸气初期会产生较高的吸气峰压和平台压。故相同PEEP水平时PCV模式的驱动压较低,对预后的不良影响更少。本研究表明,维持老年患者相似OI下,PCV组患者Ppeak显著低于VCV组患者,证实PCV模式肺顺应性方面优于VCV模式[13-15]。本研究未证实PCV模式在OI方面的优势,但PCV组动脉血乳酸水平明显低于VCV组,反映了PCV组患者细胞水平的能量代谢优于VCV组,这一结果表明PCV模式可能会改善老年开腹患者术中肺功能,并减少术后相关并发症。本研究表明,PCV组患者术后转入ICU的患者例数远低于VCV组,但两组患者术后肺部并发症(包括低氧血症、肺炎、有创呼吸支持和ALI/ARDS)差异无统计学意义。研究表明PCV和VCV模式较传统机械通气模式均有优势[1],但相比VCV模式,PCV模式可在获得相同通气及肺保护效应时使患者气道压更低。而气道压是机械通气产生肺损伤的重要因素之一,故上述结果提示PCV模式较VCV模式更具潜在优势。
本研究的不足之处是样本量较少,因此研究结果存在假阴性可能。另外研究未设立大潮气量通气模式作为对照,因此本研究中的两种肺保护性通气模式对术后预后的影响缺乏比较对象。
总之,对于实施腹部开放手术的老年患者而言,在维持相似OI的前提下,PCV模式相比VCV模式,可使患者术中气道压更低,提供更好的肺顺应性,更有利于减少老年开腹患者术后肺部并发症的发生。
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