潘 惠,杜向东
(1.常熟市第三人民医院,江苏 常熟 215500;2.苏州大学附属广济医院,江苏 苏州 215000*通信作者:杜向东,E-mail:xiangdong-du@163.com)
精神分裂症阴性症状的药物治疗进展
潘 惠1,2,杜向东2*
(1.常熟市第三人民医院,江苏 常熟 215500;2.苏州大学附属广济医院,江苏 苏州 215000
*通信作者:杜向东,E-mail:xiangdong-du@163.com)
阴性症状作为精神分裂症核心症状之一,目前仍缺乏有效的靶向性治疗,是影响预后的主要不利因素。根据不同的生物学机制,当前临床研究主要关注抗精神病药单用或其联合抗抑郁药、抗焦虑药、谷氨酸化合物及抗炎药等对阴性症状的疗效,本文通过对精神分裂症阴性症状常用的药物疗法进行归纳总结,分析不同疗法的效果,以期为临床治疗阴性症状提供参考。
精神分裂症;阴性症状;药物治疗
精神分裂症是一种由遗传、发育和环境等多因素促发的复杂性精神疾病,核心特征包括阳性症状、阴性症状及认知功能损害。阴性症状是指正常精神功能的减退或缺失,临床上主要表现为情感淡漠、思维贫乏和社交退缩等。一般认为,原发阴性症状的病因与精神分裂症的核心精神病理学改变相关,即当中脑-皮质多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)通路功能低下时出现;继发阴性症状则是其他相关因素的衍生物,可由阳性症状、情感症状、神经系统的药物副反应及环境因素等引起。尽管多巴胺模型能较好地解释精神分裂症阳性症状,但阴性症状生物学机制较复杂,很难用单一的生物学假说或遗传因素解释,是目前精神分裂症治疗的主要难点之一[1]。根据不同的生物学机制,当前临床研究主要关注单用抗精神病药物或联合抗抑郁药、抗焦虑药、谷氨酸化合物及抗炎药等对阴性症状的疗效,本文对阴性症状常用的药物疗法进行归纳总结,分析不同疗法的效果,以期为阴性症状的临床治疗提供参考。
药物治疗是精神分裂症治疗的首选,抗精神病药是治疗精神分裂症的基石[2]。典型抗精神病药主要通过阻断中枢多巴胺2型受体(Dopamine receptor D2,DRD2)降低DA神经系统的功能,对阳性症状有效;非典型抗精神病药的药理学特点呈现多样性,但均具备了“非典型性”的关键特点,即阻断5-羟色胺(Serotonin,5-HT)受体,理论上不仅对阳性症状有效,还能通过改善情感症状及降低锥体外系副反应的发生风险,进而改善继发阴性症状,但对原发阴性症状的疗效尚不确定[3]。2009年Lancet杂志发表了一篇包括150个随机双盲对照研究(含21 533例精神分裂症患者)的荟萃分析[4],比较了典型和非典型抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症的效果,其中95个研究以高效能抗精神病药氟哌啶醇为对照,28个研究以低效能抗精神病药氯丙嗪为对照,其余研究以其他典型抗精神病药为对照,结果显示,非典型抗精神病药中仅氯氮平、奥氮平、氨磺必利和利培酮对阴性症状的疗效优于典型抗精神病药,齐拉西酮、阿立哌唑、喹硫平、佐替平和舍吲哚对阴性症状的疗效均与典型抗精神病药相当。2012年更新的《精神分裂症生物治疗指南》也认为,即使是非典型抗精神病药,对阴性症状的疗效也是有限的[5]。
阴性症状与抑郁症状不论在表现形式还是神经生物学背景方面均存在重叠,有时很难严格区分[6]。尽管证据有限,但联合抗抑郁药仍是目前针对阴性症状使用最广泛的治疗策略[7]。同时,联合具有5-HT1A受体激动作用的新型抗焦虑药也越来越受到关注。
2.1 抗精神病药联合选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors,SSRIs)
Chertkow等[8]研究显示,以下机制可能参与了SSRIs与抗精神病药对阴性症状的协同作用:通过特殊的5-HT受体和酪氨酸羟化酶促进DA释放;通过谷氨酸脱羧酶、蛋白激酶C影响γ-氨基丁酸(Gamma-Aminobutryic Acid,GABA)系统;通过磷酸化环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白、成纤维母细胞生长因子2等调节神经元生长发育,促进细胞损伤后修复;通过钙信号、白细胞介素8和趋化因子受体等降低中枢神经系统的免疫应答。Singh等[9]的一项关于抗抑郁药辅助治疗精神分裂症阴性症状的荟萃分析(含23个随机双盲对照研究,共819例病程>2年的精神分裂症患者)结果显示,在原有抗精神病药的基础上联合SSRIs等抗抑郁药对精神分裂症患者的阴性症状疗效更好。
2.2 抗精神病药联合双重神经递质作用药物
Möller等[7]研究结果显示,突触前α2肾上腺素受体拮抗剂可促使前额叶皮层DA释放,从而改善精神分裂症的阴性症状。Hecht等[10]发表的一项荟萃分析(包括8个随机对照研究,每个研究含18~41例慢性精神分裂症患者)结果显示,抗精神病药联合米氮平或米安色林等具有α2肾上腺素受体拮抗作用的双通道抗抑郁药治疗4~8周能有效改善阴性症状,同时结合汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD)分析发现,阴性症状的改善独立于抑郁症状的变化。Kishi等[11]发表的一项含12个随机双盲对照研究(其中7个以米氮平为研究组,5个以米安色林为研究组,各含221例和141例慢性精神分裂症患者)的荟萃分析结果也显示,抗精神病药联合米氮平或米安色林均能有效改善阴性症状。
2.3 抗精神病药联合丁螺环酮
谷氨酸-多巴胺在纹状体和前额叶间神经环路中释放的平衡对阴性症状有重要影响[17]。目前研究主要聚焦于如何通过突触后神经元的N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid,NMDA)受体和突触前神经元的代谢型谷氨酸受体(Metabotropic glutamate receptor,mGluR)对谷氨酸介导的神经传递进行调节[18]。
3.1 抗精神病药联合NMDA受体激动剂
NMDA受体功能低下导致前额叶、腹侧纹状体和丘脑皮质投射功能的改变,这些改变可能引起阴性症状[19]。初步研究表明,甘氨酸结合位点激活剂(如甘氨酸、D-丝氨酸、D-环丝氨酸、D-丙氨酸)能增强NMDA受体活性,从而改善阴性症状[20-21],而非选择性甘氨酸再摄取抑制剂肌氨酸也能改善阴性症状[22-23]。目前分别有荟萃分析报道了D-丝氨酸、肌氨酸和甘氨酸治疗阴性症状的优势[24-25],但迄今为止,样本量最大的甘氨酸和D-丝氨酸辅助治疗精神分裂症的随机双盲对照研究并未发现其对阴性症状有确切疗效[26]。此外,也有临床研究表明,联用D-氨基酸氧化酶抑制剂苯甲酸钠可改善慢性精神分裂症患者的阴性症状[27],这可能与苯甲酸钠降低D-丝氨酸的分解代谢、提高突触间隙D-丝氨酸水平而增强了NMDA受体活性有关[28]。
3.2 抗精神病药联合mGluR激动剂
通过靶向修饰的mGluR,尤其是突触前膜mGluR2激活后可减少病理过程中谷氨酸的过度释放并阻断后续的细胞兴奋毒性损害。尽管初期研究发现mGluR2/3的完全激动剂LY2140023可能对精神分裂症有效,但最终结果却显示该药不宜作为阴性症状治疗的辅助用药[29]。
近期发表于The American Journal of Psychiatry的研究显示,精神分裂症超高危及确诊的个体大脑中小胶质细胞更为活跃[30]。大脑促炎性因子的增多可促进谷氨酸能和DA能神经递质相互作用,导致小胶质细胞及其他支撑性中枢神经细胞的保护功能下降,从而引起或加重精神分裂症阳性症状、阴性症状及认知功能损害[31]。亲脂性抗炎药可减少细胞因子的激活,并降低中枢神经系统的免疫应答,对精神分裂症可产生有益的治疗作用。
米诺环素是一种广谱、半合成的第二代四环素,临床研究显示其具有治疗阴性症状的潜能,具体机制为:①对大脑灰质缺失的神经保护作用,大脑灰质缺失通常发生在精神分裂症早期[32],米诺环素可能通过阻滞灰质缺失来抑制阴性症状。②抗炎作用,米诺环素的抗炎作用可预防精神分裂症患者的神经变化,这与小胶质细胞和细胞因子的作用有关[33]。③稳定NMDA受体,氯胺酮通过阻断NMDA受体,造成谷氨酸功能失调,使健康个体出现类似精神分裂症的症状[34];米诺环素可抑制氯胺酮活性,这可能会稳定NMDA受体的释放[35]。同时,米诺环素可直接作用于谷氨酸的释放或预防谷氨酸对神经分支和胶质细胞的神经毒性[36]。米诺环素的上述机制可能单独存在或共同作用,但只有在神经退行性改变被激活的早期,上述三种机制才能发挥作用。因此,米诺环素可能在精神分裂症早期阶段发挥作用。Lisiecka等[37]在226例早期精神分裂症患者接受标准治疗基础上,随机给予米诺环素(100 mg/d)或安慰剂治疗12个月,结果显示米诺环素具有改善阴性症状的潜力。
5.1 抗精神病药联合胆碱酯酶抑制剂
精神分裂症患者部分脑区的烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, nAChR)浓度低于正常人[38-39]。同时,遗传学研究显示nAChRα7亚型基因多态性与精神分裂症易感性相关[40]。这些结果均提示nAChR功能的失调可能影响精神分裂症的疾病进程。Choi等[41]的一项关于辅助治疗精神分裂症的荟萃分析(包括26个随机双盲对照研究,每个研究含11~104例精神分裂症患者)结果显示,抗精神病药联合胆碱酯酶抑制剂(多奈哌齐、加兰他敏)在改善认知障碍的同时还能部分缓解阴性症状[41]。
5.2 抗精神病药联合单胺氧化酶抑制剂
雷沙吉兰属于第二代单胺氧化酶抑制剂,通过减少DA分解提高前额叶皮层等区域的DA水平[42],并具有神经保护的作用[43]。近期一项针对伴原发阴性症状精神分裂症的随机双盲对照研究结果显示,雷沙吉兰能有效辅助治疗原发阴性症状,对意志缺乏患者的疗效尤为显著[44]。
5.3 抗精神病药联合磷酸二酯酶抑制剂
磷酸二酯酶具有特异性水解细胞内第二信使的功能,5-磷酸二酯酶抑制剂西地那非通过提高环磷酸鸟苷等第二信使的浓度,选择性改善NMDA受体功能,从而治疗精神分裂症阴性症状[45]。然而,由于研究设计及评估工具的不同,Goff等[46]的一项随机对照研究并未显示西地那非对精神分裂症有效,但随后的另一项随机双盲对照研究结果显示,与安慰剂相比,西地那非能显著改善阴性症状[45]。目前西地那非治疗精神分裂症的研究有限,仍需进一步探索其在阴性症状治疗中的价值。
另外,除上述药物之外,仅个别研究显示其他药物,如拉莫三嗪[47]、叶酸和维生素B12[48]辅助治疗阴性症状有效,仍需更多的临床研究进一步证实。
阴性症状作为精神分裂症核心症状之一,其生物学机制复杂,目前仍缺乏有效的靶向性治疗方法,是影响预后的主要不利因素。非典型抗精神病药自20世纪70年代问世以来,曾一度被认为是精神分裂症药物治疗的革命性突破,但经过长期的临床验证,其治疗阴性症状的疗效并没有预期那么好,目前多药物联合治疗越来越受到青睐。本综述总结了可能对阴性症状有效的新型药物,目前此类药物的临床研发主要聚焦于5-HT、谷氨酸和炎性因子等方面。虽然本综述未涉及非药物干预,但这类治疗值得单独评估,因为这些方法可能会进一步提高药物治疗的效果。随着越来越多的新型治疗药物和方法的问世,阴性症状的治疗将越来越全面,精神分裂症患者的社会功能及预后将得到进一步改善。
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(本文编辑:唐雪莉)
Review of pharmacotherapy advance in schizophrenic negative symptoms
PanHui1,2,DuXiangdong2*
(1.TheThirdPeople'sHospitalofChangshuCity,Changshu215500,China; 2.SuzhouPsychiatryHospital,Suzhou215000,China*Correspondingauthor:DuXiangdong,E-mail:xiangdong-du@163.com)
Negative symptom is one of the core symptoms of schizophrenia and is a main adverse factor which effects schizophrenic prognosis, as there is no effective treatment now. According to various biological mechanisms, clinical researches mainly focus on the effects of used antipsychotics alone as well as combined with antidepressants, anxiolytics, glutamate compounds and anti-inflammatory drugs on negative symptoms currently.This review summarized the common drug therapies for negative symptoms and analyzed the effects of different therapies, which may provide references for the clinical treatment of negative symptoms.
Schizophrenia; Negative symptom; Pharmacotherapy
R749.3
A
10.11886/j.issn.1007-3256.2017.04.021
2016-09-08)