菲利浦·K·迪克(Philip K. Dick, 1928~1982)出生于美國伊利诺州的芝加哥市,父母离婚后他由母亲独立抚养成人,1949年考入加州大学的伯克利分校,因为患焦虑症等而半途退学,其后在一家唱片店工作。20世纪60年代,他积极参与加州的反文化运动,反对越战,提倡和平,还为此受到了美国联邦调查局的监控。迪克的写作生涯始于20世纪50年代,陆续有作品在科幻杂志发表。1963年他凭借《高堡奇人》(The Man in the High Castle)获得了雨果奖,这奠定了他在美国科幻小说新浪潮中的先驱者地位。他的代表作还有《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》(Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?)、《尤比克》(Ubik)以及《心机扫描》(A Scanner Darkly)等。他的作品凭借对未来社会富有想象力的构想、对科技本质的深刻反思以及对什么是真实等哲学问题的关注而赢得了批评家、小说家以及普通读者的推崇。
Classics
A merry little surge of electricity piped2) by automatic alarm from the mood organ3) beside his bed awakened Rick Deckard. Surprised—it always surprised him to find himself awake without prior notice—he rose from the bed, stood up in his multicolored pajamas, and stretched. Now, in her bed, his wife Iran opened her gray, unmerry eyes, blinked, then groaned and shut her eyes again.
“You set your Penfield4) too weak,” he said to her. “Ill reset it and youll be awake and—”
“Keep your hand off my settings.” Her voice held bitter sharpness. “I dont want to be awake.”
He seated himself beside her, bent over her, and explained softly. “If you set the surge up high enough, youll be glad youre awake; thats the whole point. At setting C it overcomes the threshold5) barring6) consciousness, as it does for me.” Friendlily, because he felt well-disposed7) toward the world—his setting had been at D—he patted her bare, pale shoulder.
“Get your crude cops hand away,” Iran said.
“Im not a cop.” He felt irritable, now, although he hadnt dialed for it.
“Youre worse,” his wife said, her eyes still shut. “Youre a murderer hired by the cops.”
“Ive never killed a human being in my life.” His irritability had risen now; had become outright hostility.
Iran said, “Just those poor andys8).”
“I notice youve never had any hesitation as to spending the bounty9) money I bring home on whatever momentarily attracts your attention.” He rose, strode to the console of his mood organ. “Instead of saving,” he said, “so we could buy a real sheep, to replace that fake electric one upstairs. A mere electric animal, and me earning all that Ive worked my way up to through the years.” At his console he hesitated between dialing for a thalamic10) suppressant11) (which would abolish his mood of rage) or a thalamic stimulant12) (which would make him irked enough to win the argument).
“If you dial,” Iran said, eyes open and watching, “for greater venom13), then Ill dial the same. Ill dial the maximum and youll see a fight that makes every argument weve had up to now seem like nothing. Dial and see; just try me.” She rose swiftly, loped to the console of her own mood organ, and stood glaring at him, waiting.
He sighed, defeated by her threat. “Ill dial whats on my schedule for today.” Examining the schedule for January 3, 2021, he saw that a businesslike professional attitude was called for. “If I dial by schedule,” he said warily, “will you agree to also?” He waited, canny14) enough not to commit himself until his wife had agreed to follow suit.
“My schedule for today lists a six-hour self-accusatory15) depression,” Iran said.
“What? Why did you schedule that?” It defeated the whole purpose of the mood organ. “I didnt even know you could set it for that,” he said gloomily.
“I was sitting here one afternoon,” Iran said, “and naturally I had turned on ‘Buster Friendly and His Friendly Friends and he was talking about a big news item hes about to break and then that awful commercial came on … And so for a minute I shut off the sound. And I heard the building, this building; I heard the—” She gestured.
“Empty apartments,” Rick said. Sometimes he heard them at night when he was supposed to be asleep. And yet, for this day and age a one-half occupied conapt16) building rated high in the scheme of population density; out in what had been before the war the suburbs, one could find buildings entirely empty … or so he had heard. He had let the information remain secondhand; like most people he did not care to experience it directly.
“At that moment,” Iran said, “when I had the TV sound off, I was in a 382 mood; I had just dialed it. So although I heard the emptiness intellectually, I didnt feel it. My first reaction consisted of being grateful that we could afford a Penfield mood organ. But then I realized how unhealthy it was, sensing the absence of life, not just in this building but everywhere, and not reacting—do you see? I guess you dont. But that used to be considered a sign of mental illness; they called it ‘absence of appropriate affect. So I left the TV sound off and I sat down at my mood organ and I experimented. And I finally found a setting for despair.” Her dark, pert17) face showed satisfaction, as if she had achieved something of worth. “So I put it on my schedule for twice a month; I think thats a reasonable amount of time to feel hopeless about everything, about staying here on Earth after everybody whos smart has emigrated, dont you think?”
1. 節选部分选自小说开头,主要描写了为得赏而缉拿逃犯的男主人公里克·德卡德(Rick Deckard)和妻子艾伦(Iran)因情绪调控仪而引发的争吵。
2. pipe [pa?p] vt. (尤指用无线电、电话等)传送,播送(音乐、谈话等)
3. the mood organ:情绪调控仪,小说中出现的一种能调节人的情绪的仪器。
4. Penfield:在小说中指情绪调控仪的名称。
5. threshold [?θre??h??ld] n. 界限;临界值
6. bar [?bɑ?] vt. 阻止;禁止
7. well-disposed [?weld??sp??zd] adj. 友好的;乐于助人的
8. andys:在小说中指一类仿生机器人。
9. bounty [?ba?nti] n. 奖金;赏金
10. thalamic [θ?'l?mik] adj. 丘脑的
11. suppressant [s??pres(?)nt] n. (抑制某种反应或效果的)抑制物
12. stimulant [?st?mj?l?nt] n. 刺激物;激励物
13. venom [?ven?m] n. 愤恨,怨恨
14. canny [?k?ni] adj. 精明的,谨慎的,机灵的
15. self-accusatory:自责的
16. conapt:本文作者Philip K. Dick根据condominium + apartment造的词,指共管式公寓。
17. pert [p??(r)t] adj. 小巧的;矫健的
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Classics
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作品赏析
《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》的故事发生在未来时空中生态系统崩溃后的地球。大部分人到外星球生活,只有少部分人由于经济困难或故土难离等原因留在这片日益贫瘠荒芜的土地上,小说的主人公德卡德就是這少数人中的一员。他是个普通人,外貌平凡,住在廉价的公寓楼。特殊的是他的职业是赏金猎人。地球人移民太空时,为了免除在异星生活的孤寂感,也为了获得廉价劳力,生产出了与人类高度相似的仿生人。仿生人中有一部分叛逆者不甘受制于人类,发动了政变。政变失败后,仿生人非经许可不允许进入地球,否则会被列为非法入境者,是猎杀的对象,每一条命可以获得1000元的悬赏。德卡德便以赚取悬赏为生。
小说记述了德卡德作为赏金猎人的一天:从早晨起床用情绪调控仪将自己的情绪调度到工作状态开始,到夜晚完成了猎杀仿生人的任务,回到自己的家,这不足24小时的时光对于德卡德来说是非同寻常的考验。王牌赏金猎人戴维在追捕Nexus-6型新型仿生人过程中身受重伤,德卡德需要接替戴维,猎杀其余六名在逃者。在此过程中,他遭遇了重重危险,终于将六名仿生人全部杀死,创下了个人职业生涯的纪录,也刷新了赏金猎人猎杀新型机器人的纪录。
从某种意义上而言,科幻小说和奇幻小说存在亲缘关系。两者都依赖于大胆的想象。奇幻小说的世界由魔法和巫术构成。而科幻小说的想象是基于对科学发展未来方向的推测。从《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》这个标题我们可以看出,这部小说的想象与人工智能有关。在小说所设想的未来世界里,仿生人已经进化到了与人类真假莫辨的程度。按照21世纪科技的发展速度,这应该不是无法实现的空想。从智能角度而言,去年3月份,谷歌的AlphaGo以4:1的战绩战胜了韩国围棋手李世石;今年1月份,作为AlphaGo的升级版,Master更是狂扫中韩围棋界的顶级棋手,创下了60场连胜的骄人纪录。从行动力而言,波士顿动力公司研发的Atlas人形机器人可以直立行走、爬楼梯、抬重物,甚至可以在布满障碍的地面自如行走。从外形角度而言,日本科技公司的机器人仿真皮肤的制作细致程度已经可以以假乱真。假以时日,融合电子技术以及生物工程技术的仿生人很可能成为我们日常生活中司空见惯的存在。这部作品在提醒我们不要只考虑技术的发展,而忽略了人工智能可能带来的伦理问题,即如何界定仿生人的生命权?他们是机械,还是人类?是否因为他们是人造物,就注定要被奴役?
然而,就像优秀的奇幻小说不仅仅构筑魔法世界一样,好的科幻小说也从来不仅仅是关于科技的想象。奇幻小说如《指环王》《哈利·波特》等在展现魔法奇观的同时,探讨了人性的善恶、人生的成长等永恒命题。科幻小说在塑造未来世界的同时,也往往延续着对人类普遍境遇的思考。以《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》为例,有关仿生人的想象不仅是一种技术设想,也是一个哲学问题:它要求我们更好地思考什么是人类、什么是人的本质。
在《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》中,德卡德遭遇的最大挑战不是如何消灭仿生人,而是如何鉴别仿生人。Nexus-6型新型仿生人有着和人类一样的外表,能够像人类一样思考,有着同样的行动能力和求生意志。他们有表情,有情感:会笑,能体会到快乐;会哭,有眼泪。他们在某些方面甚至比一般人类更出众:一名仿生人假扮了警察局长,口才与心智一流;一名仿生人是歌剧演员,有着天籁之音。德卡德在追捕过程中对仿生人的身份产生了困惑:他们和人类有什么差别?
德卡德的疑问从另外一个角度看,也是对我们人类身份的诘问:什么是人类独一无二的属性?在《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》中,作者菲利普·K·迪克将这种差别定义在人类的共情能力。在小说中,人们为区分仿生人和人类,发明了类似于测谎器一样的装置。通过向受测者询问一系列问题,看他们回答问题时仪器上所显示的脑电和情绪反应,来甄别谁是仿生人。这类问题所测试的是:受测对象是否有对其他生物的共情能力。
在小说的末世想象中,重度污染的地球上大部分动物已经灭绝。猫、狗、羊、马等司空见惯的家畜都成了濒危动物。人类从小接受的教育是要爱护动物,关爱彼此,因为生命在这个已经不适合生命存在的地球是最宝贵的存在。人类通过饲养动物,培养爱和责任心,学习尊重和珍惜生命。由于动物数量稀少,人们却又有饲养照顾宠物的需要,电子宠物公司应运而生。主人公德卡德就曾经养了一只羊,羊死去后他不得已买了只电子羊。而他心心念念想要拥有的是一只可以由他照顾、供他寄托感情的活生生的动物。
与人类不同的是仿生人不会渴望拥有一只毛茸茸的会咩咩叫需要喂草料的羊。他们只有个体性的情感,能够在危险来临时感到恐惧,会为自己受到的不公待遇而愤怒,但是他们不会和其他的生物之间达到情感的共振。他们听到熊皮这个词,只会把它看做一件价值不菲的室内装饰品,而不是想到一张熊皮意味着一只熊已经被杀死,他们不会为一条生命的消逝而悲伤。由于缺乏共情力,他们彼此之间也很冷漠。小说中,有三名仿生人为了躲避追捕躲进了废弃的旧楼。尽管他们制订了攻守同盟,当赏金猎人德卡德到达时,他们还是按照本能各自逃命,无法团结合作的结果是他们被逐个击杀。
在《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》中,作者菲利普·K·迪克邀请我们展望未来,思考该如何面对人工智能技术发展所带来的伦理问题,也呼吁我们关注当下,思考人性,培养共情的能力。共情是人类彼此帮助、共同行动的基础,也是人类与其他物种和谐相处的条件。为此,作者将共情上升为人类区别于仿生人的本质。关照和呵护生命(这其中也包括除了人之外的其他物种),我们才配得上称为人类。