六大招式抢拿阅读高分

尹继友

有些同学经常会对老师说：“老师，阅读理解的文章我看懂了，就是做不对题。”究其原因，这是因为同学们没有深度、全面地理解文章。那么，如何提高同学们深层理解和整体理解文章的能力？本文介绍的六大招式，将助你突破阅读理解的难点，抢拿阅读高分。

阅读中，找关键句、关键段对于提高考生的理解能力有着重要的意义。议论文和说明文常采取演绎法和归纳法对文章进行论述，演绎法即先提出论点，然后列出论据。考生在阅读类似的文章时，要特别注意文章的开头和结尾，找出关键的词语或句子。同时，考生也要注意文章或段落的开头和结尾。

例如，在读Winter Sleep这一课时，考生要先预习生词，泛读全篇文章，然后找出每段的关键句。第四自然段是全文较长的一段，只有抓住Hibernation is more than sleep， it is very deep sleep这一关键句，才能以这一句话为中心去了解全段在论述什么内容。

又如上A Tree___A Factory这一课时，考生须先阅读全文，了解文章的写作手法及文章的思路，摆出事实和论据，然后做出结论。

The green plant is a kind of food factory，it takes matter from soil， air， water and changes it into the matter we call food. The green plant makes the kind of matter we call sugars， starches， fats and proteins. The green plant is also a storage place for these foods that animals must eat.

這个结论是对全文的归纳，也是全文的中心所在，考生抓住了这一关键段就抓住了文章的中心。

列标题或选标题，对于考生理解全文有着重要的意义。在阅读文章时，考生要养成概括小标题的习惯。

According to the dictionary， the word library comes from the Latin word liber， meaning “book”， thus the library is a place where a collection of books is kept. But the modern library is much more than that. It is the place where mans inventions， discoveries， travels and dreams are kept. It has been called the memory of the human race.

A. Dictionaries in a library

B. The Modern library

C. The Meaning Of the Human Race

D. A Collection of Books

如果不了解短文的整个意思，考生就难以选出C这个正确标题。用概括小标题的方法进行训练，能有效地克服考生“只见树木，不见森林”的阅读毛病。

推理判断题在高考中占很大的比重，考生在此类题型中失分最多。推理判断题要求考生在通篇理解文章的基础上领会作者的言外之意、弦外之音，并做出合理的推理和判断。判断是对已知的事实仔细评价之后做出的合理决定，推理是对事实的内涵所做的陈述或以事实为依据对未知的事情所做的陈述。值得考生注意的是，无论是判断还是推理，都要以已知事实为依据。

推理小能手成长技巧

（1）辨认细节。读文章时，考生要找出相关的事实或证据，并对这些事实或证据进行分析和评价。考生要牢记推断的内容是以文章提供的事实为依据，不是凭空想象，也不是考生的主观猜测。

（2）借助常识。在推理判断题中，考生平时积累的一些常识通常会派上用场，2016年陕西高考英语试卷中有一篇关于通信发展史的阅读理解最为典型，请看选项：

A. The postal service has over the years become faster.

B. The postal service has over the years become slower.

大家都知道交通越来越发达，邮电业的发展当然是faster。

（3）排除法。考生要根据在文章中找到的事实依据和常识排除错误的信息，再排除和原文中一词不差的信息（文章里的原句不会是推理判断出来的结果，但通过同义词或句型转换过的选项有可能是正确答案），最后再排除偏离原文的选项，选出正确答案。

（4）词句段篇，相互交融。对词语的理解要放在句子里，句子的理解要靠段，段的理解离不开篇。单独说floor谁都知道是什么意思，但…she was floored to see her own name and address inside the cover， in her own handwriting…这个语境里，floor表示“惊讶地”。

考生要学会从措辞中去寻找文章的感情色彩，猜测作者的态度或写作意图。如when the phone finally rang， he leaped from the edge of his chair and grabbed for it这句话，考生能形象地看出他等电话之久，心情之紧张，电话之重要，这才是作者的真正意图。

阅读中，较好地领悟文章中说话人甚至作者的意图、态度也是考生理解全文的一个重要内容。阅读短文时，考生要多揣摩文中人物的特点、说话的语气以及作者的倾向。

A very new young officer was at a railway station. He was on his way to visit his mother in another town， and he wanted to telephone her to tell her time of his train， so that she could meet at the station in her car. He looked around for someone to help him.

At last an old soldier came by， and the young officer stopped him and said：“Have you got change for ten pence？” “Wait a moment，” the old soldier answered， beginning to put his hand in his pocket. “I will see whether I can help you” .

“Dont you know how to speak to an officer？” the young man said angrily. Now let start again. “Have you got change for ten pence？”

“No， Sir，” the old soldier answered quickly.

如這一篇小短文，考生在阅读时，要把握两个人的立场和态度，一开始老士兵对待年轻军官是很有礼貌的，但是年轻军官摆架子，导致他后来被老士兵拒绝了。在读文章时，考生须注意把握文章中主人公的情感和作者的意图。

阅读理解的题材多种多样，包括日常生活、人物传记、社会、文化、政治、经济等。如果考生的知识面太狭窄，特别是对英美国家的情况了解甚少，可能会做错阅读理解题。课余之时，考生应阅读各类书籍，扩大知识面。如2016年北京的某份英语试卷，有这么一道题：

The bended mirror of solar cookers can ________.

A. concentrate the suns heat

B. cook rich meals for us

C. reflect the sight of your face

D. help to build several cookers

正确答案是A，然而文章中没有直接给出，但考生可以根据生活常识选出答案。

利用表格，考生能使阅读达到事半功倍的效果。在阅读时，考生可以借助表格进行分析。使用表格，可以使所读文章的主题突出，条理清晰，大大减少考生对文章中某些方面及某个特定问题的误解。

Today， roller skating is easy and fun. But a long time ago， it wasnt easy at all. Before 1750，the idea of skating didnt exist，that changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin. Merlins work was making musical instruments. In his spare time， he liked to play the violin. Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams，people called him a dreamer.

One day， Merlin received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball（化妆舞会）.He was very pleased and a little excited. As the day of the party came near， Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.

Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll. Finally， he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was were proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.

On the night of the party， Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin， everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem， Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates， he rolled on and on.Suddenly， he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall. Down feel the mirror， breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlins grand entrance for a long time！

分析：此篇短文是记叙文，可按下表进行分析。

课 外 阅 读

首先请看下面的顺口溜：肯不肯，妹不问，妈妈肯定不否问。

这个顺口溜介绍了can（could），may（might），must表“推测”时的区别。其含义如下：“肯不肯”，can（could）不用于肯定句；“妹不问”，即may（might）不用于疑问句；“妈妈肯定不否问”，即must仅用于肯定句，不用于否定句和疑问句。

一、表有把握的推测时，肯定句用must（一定，准是），否定句用cant（不可能，一定没）。must（cant）+动词原形，表示对现在情况的推测；must（cant）+be+v.-ing，表示对现在正在进行的动作的推测；must（cant）+have+过去分词，表示对过去情况的推测。例如：

（1）You must be hungry after your long walk.长途步行之后，你一定是饿了。

（2）They must be waiting for us. Lets hurry up.他们一定在等我们，我们要快点走。

（3）You must have left your bag in the theatre. 你准是把你的包丢在剧院了。

（4）You cant be hungry， you have just had your dinner. 你現在不可能饿着，你刚才吃过饭了。

（5）He wears glasses all the time， his eyesight cant be getting better.他一直戴着眼镜，他的视力不可能在好转中。

（6）He has no idea what the book is about， he cant have read it very carefully.他一点也不知道书的情况，他一定是没有仔细读过它。

二、表把握不大的推测时，用can和may，常译为“也许，可能”。May用于肯定句与否定句，一般不用于疑问句，can常用于疑问句，一般不用于肯定句。例如：

（1）The news may or may not be true.这消息也许是真的，也许不是真的。

（2）At the moment she may be playing with her classmates.此刻她可能正在和同学们玩。

（3）Anna might not have seen Tom yesterday.安娜昨天可能没有看见汤姆。

（4）Where can Wei Fang be？ 魏芳在哪里呢？

（5）What can they be quarreling about？他们可能在争吵些什么呢？

（6）Can she have lost the book？她是丢失那本书了吗？