近红外光脑氧饱和度监测技术的临床应用及进展

2017-01-16 08:49李泓邑刘孝文
中国医学科学院学报 2017年6期
关键词:红外光饱和度心肺

李泓邑,刘孝文,赵 晶

中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院麻醉科,北京 100730

·综述·

近红外光脑氧饱和度监测技术的临床应用及进展

李泓邑,刘孝文,赵 晶

中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院麻醉科,北京 100730

近红外光脑氧饱和度监测技术是指利用近红外光监测局部脑组织氧饱和度。该技术已经成为一种能够实时、无创反映脑组织氧供氧耗平衡的监测方法。本文主要总结该技术的原理、临床应用进展和局限性。

近红外光谱;局部脑组织氧饱和度;脑缺氧;脑保护

维持器官组织的氧供氧耗平衡是临床麻醉工作中最重要的目标之一。许多监测指标如血氧饱和度、血压、血红蛋白量,可以用来评估全身的氧供是否充足。但是直接反映组织的氧供需平衡的监测手段不多。尤其是对于脑,这一全身耗氧最大而又最不能耐受缺氧的器官,在围术期中仍然缺乏准确直观的监测指标反映其氧供氧耗情况。近红外光脑氧饱和度监测技术是指利用近红外光(near-infrared spectroscopy,NIRS)监测局部脑组织的氧饱和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation,rSO2)。此技术自从上世纪70年代提出以来,已经成为一种能够实时、无创监测脑组织氧供氧耗平衡的手段[1]。现已广泛应用于临床工作中。本文主要总结该技术的原理、临床应用进展和局限性。

NIRS监测rSO2的基本原理

NIRS是指波长在700~900 nm的红外光,它对人体组织具有较好的穿透性,而组织中主要的物质水,对此波段的光吸收很小。NIRS主要被组织中的氧合血红蛋白和去氧血红蛋白吸收,而两者的吸收谱有明显差异,氧合血红蛋白的最大吸收光谱在850~1000 nm,去氧血红蛋白的最大吸收光谱是700~760 nm[1- 2]。因此利用近红外光射入人体组织,然后检测出射光在相应光谱上的吸收衰减,再利用Beer-Lambert衰减公式:[x]=△A/L×ε([x]:吸收近红外光的物质浓度,△A:近红外光的衰减量,L:近红外光的穿透路径距离,ε:物质对近红外光的吸收系数)和漫反射修正,就可以计算出组织中氧合血红蛋白和去氧血红蛋白的相对浓度,进而得出组织的氧饱和度[3- 4]。使用该技术对大脑进行监测就可以实时、无创地检测出rSO2。rSO2是由动脉血成分占25~30%、静脉血成分占70%~75%,加权后得出的混合静脉血的血氧饱和度[5]。NIRS监测得出的rSO2与反映大脑氧代谢的金标准颈静脉球氧饱和度有很好的相关性(相关系数r=0.78)[6]。其主要受平均动脉压(mean blood pressure,MAP)、血氧饱和度、血红蛋白浓度和血二氧化碳分压的影响[5- 7]。其绝对数值在人群中变化较大,通过对健康自愿者和心脏手术患者的检查rSO2在(67±10)%,其相对变化更有临床意义[6- 7]。

NIRS监测rSO2的临床应用进展

心肺复苏中的应用对于心跳骤停患者,心肺复苏的目的是保证大脑氧供,避免脑缺氧损伤。因为rSO2可以方便实时地反映脑氧供需平衡,其近年在心肺复苏中的应用得到广泛关注。对院内心跳骤停者的观察性研究显示,19例恢复自主循环患者在复苏前以及复苏过程中的rSO2(分别为35%、36%)明显高于8例自主循环未恢复患者复苏前和复苏过程中的rSO2(分别为17.5%、15%),并指出可以rSO2评价心肺复苏的质量[8]。院内心跳骤停患者使用机械胸外按压时其rSO2(53.1%)高于人工按压者的rSO2(24%),该研究也发现经复苏后自主循环恢复者的rSO2显著高于未恢复者(47.4%比23%)[9]。而复苏后存活出院患者第1个24 h的rSO2也高于未存活者[10]。对于院外心跳骤停患者,其在入院后的高级生命支持中,自主循环恢复者的rSO2的基础值和相对增加值均高于未恢复患者,表明提高rSO2与增加自主循环恢复有关[11]。院外心跳骤停者刚入院时的rSO2还与90 d后的神经功能预后相关,神经功能预后较好患者的rSO2高于神经功能受损者(56%比15%)[12]。以入院时rSO2>42%为临界值预测患者90 d后较好的神经功能预后,其敏感性79%,特异性95%,阴性预测值较高(99%),但阳性预测值偏低(41%)[13]。但由于心跳骤停患者的特殊性,目前尚无随机对照试验证明以rSO2指导心肺复苏可以改善患者预后。

心脏手术中的应用心脏手术后神经系统并发症发生率较高,1%~3%的患者发生术后脑卒中,有超过50%的患者发生术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)[14]。其可能与体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)中发生脑缺氧有关,因此监测rSO2可作为心脏手术中的脑保护策略[15]。

两项多中心随机对照研究显示,在复杂的成人心脏手术中,有70%的患者发生rSO2相对下降大于10%[16],有61%患者rSO2相对下降大于20%[17]。术中通过提高MAP、改善血氧饱和度、调节血二氧化碳分压和输血可有效逆转rSO2降低[16- 17]。接受双心室修补术的婴儿,其CPB期间最低rSO2值与术后1年较低的神经运动发育指数评分相关,且CPB时平均rSO2值较低患儿其脑核磁检出含铁血黄素病灶(反映缺血缺氧损伤)率较高[18]。在冠脉搭桥手术中维持术中rSO2相对下降小于20%,可减少术后脑卒中、肾脏衰竭、呼吸衰竭等并发症的发生率,并缩短ICU的停留时间,改善患者预后[19]。应用NIRS监测脑血流自动调节能力后,发现CPB时维持脑血流的最低MAP有较大的变化范围[43~90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)],简单的根据病史和脑血流自动调节曲线不能准确预测维持脑血流的最低MAP,用rSO2作为CPB时血压控制的靶向指标,可使血压管理更加个体化、准确[20]。亦有研究指出心脏手术患者术前的rSO2与术后死亡率也有关系,Herinqlake等[21]记录了1178例心脏手术患者的术前rSO2和术后30 d的死亡率。发现术后30 d内死亡者的术前rSO2(58%)较生存者(64%)低,作者认为术前的rSO2可以反映心肺功能衰竭程度。一项研究以术前rSO2低于60%预测心脏术后死亡风险,其预测效能与胸心外科学会死亡风险评分相当,术前rSO2低于60%的患者术后死亡率较高[22]。

特殊患者中的应用老年患者属于脑血流调节能力下降的高危患者。一项46例老年患者行腹部手术的回顾性研究显示,有近50%的患者术中rSO2相对降低大于15%。而rSO2的下降主要与失血量有关[23]。老年患者行脊柱手术,术中rSO2低于60%的持续时间越长与术后第7天POCD发生率越高[24]。维持老年患者术中rSO2大于基础值的75%可以改善患者术后认知功能,减少麻醉恢复室停留时间和住院日[25]。

早产儿往往会有合并疾病,监测其rSO2可以反映一些疾病状态。在对380例早产儿监测rSO2后发现,患有严重动脉导管未闭的患儿其rSO2变化与动脉导管直径的变化相关,随着出生后动脉导管的闭合rSO2会逐渐升高,而未能闭合者rSO2一直保持较低值[26]。生长发育受限的早产儿因为代谢较低,其rSO2会略高于正常婴儿[27]。早产儿刚出生后的复苏和供氧过程中监测rSO2可以避免缺氧或氧中毒[28]。

特殊体位手术中的应用手术中的体位也会影响麻醉状态下患者的脑血流和rSO2。肩关节镜手术中,沙滩椅体位可使患者rSO2较侧卧位时显著下降[29- 30],40%的患者rSO2相对下降大于20%,rSO2变化与术中血压相关[31]。术后观察显示沙滩椅位组的rSO2下降增加了术后恶心、呕吐的发生[30],但并不影响术后认知功能[29]。气腹头高位时,因为气腹压迫腔静脉和头高脚低致血液淤积在下肢,会使rSO2下降,行顺序挤压下肢的措施可增加回心血量,恢复rSO2[32]。而气腹头低脚高位对rSO2无影响[33]。俯卧位时,旋转摆放头的位置会压迫同侧颈部血管使得同侧大脑半球的rSO2较对侧明显降低,而保持头中立位时两侧大脑的rSO2相似[34],且较仰卧位或俯卧位清醒状态的rSO2均无变化[35- 36]。

rSO2在血流动力学研究中的应用术中使用不同的升压药升高血压的同时,对血流动力学和脑血流会有不同影响。去氧肾上腺素和麻黄碱两种药物都使血压升高,但是去氧肾上腺素使心输出量降低、rSO2降低,而麻黄碱可使心输出量和rSO2基本保持不变,且心输出量与rSO2有显著相关性[37]。Pennekamp等[38]研究显示使用麻黄碱时rSO2与MAP呈正相关,而使用去氧肾上腺素时rSO2和MAP呈负相关;作者认为去氧肾上腺素兴奋α受体使脑血管收缩,增加外周阻力使心输出量下降,这些因素导致去氧肾上腺素升高血压时反而使脑血流减少、rSO2下降。

NIRS监测rSO2的局限和发展

尽管NIRS监测rSO2有实时、无创、连续方便的优点但是也有其局限性。在严重脑创伤患者中,rSO2的准确性受到皮下血肿、颅内血肿的干扰,其应用尚有争议。Sun等[39]指出皮肤色素沉着会影响NIRS的监测,黑人的rSO2普遍低于白种人。静脉使用造影剂也会干扰NIRS,亚甲蓝导致rSO2读数降低,而吲哚青绿使rSO2读数升高[40]。NIRS技术还常受到周围环境光的干扰。而肌红蛋白的吸收谱与血红蛋白有部分重叠,头颅前额肌肉少对rSO2影响小,但如果运用NIRS监测外周组织如手足等的氧饱和度,就可能受到肌红蛋白的较大干扰。

综上,在心肺复苏、心脏手术、特殊体位和高危人群中使用NIRS监测rSO2,可以及时发现脑缺氧,以此评价复苏质量、指导术中管理、维持术中的rSO2可以减少术后并发症,尤其神经系统并发症和POCD的发生,缩短住院日,改善患者预后。以rSO2为目标导向的血流动力学管理可以为患者提供个体化、精准的治疗。未来可以通过rSO2为基础计算脑血流调节能力、脑氧代谢等更详细、直观的大脑监测数据指导脑保护。

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ClinicalApplicationandDevelopmentofNear-infraredSpectroscopyforMonitoringRegionalCerebralOxygenSaturation

LI Hongyi,LIU Xiaowen,ZHAO Jing

Department of Anesthesiology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100730,China

ZHAO Jing Tel:010- 69155591,E-mail:zhaojing1009@aliyun.com

The near-infrared spectroscopy has been applied to the continuous and noninvasive monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation,providing information about the equilibrium between cerebral oxygen supply and consumption. This article reviews the mechanism,clinical application,and limitations of this technique.

near-infrared spectroscopy;regional cerebral oxygen saturation;cerebral hypoxia;cerebral protection

ActaAcadMedSin,2017,39(6):846-850

中华医学会临床医学科研专项基金(13081230508)Supported by the Chinese Medical Association Clinical Medical Science Research Special Fund (13081230508)

赵 晶 电话:010- 69155591,电子邮件:zhaojing1009@aliyun.com

R604;R443

A

1000- 503X(2017)06- 0846- 05

10.3881/j.issn.1000- 503X.2017.06.019

2016- 09- 14)

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