王涵 陈辉
(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,武汉 430030)
·病例报告·
紫色毛癣菌所致儿童甲癣1例并文献复习
王涵 陈辉
(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,武汉 430030)
报道1例紫色毛癣菌致儿童甲真菌病,通过文献复习统计并分析该病的病原学和临床特点。患者女,1岁8个月,右3趾及拇趾甲远端增厚变黄3个月余。取病变甲屑KOH涂片真菌镜检为阳性,可见透明的分隔菌丝。经真菌培养和菌株鉴定为紫色毛癣菌。考虑患儿年龄过小,未予药物治疗。
甲真菌病;紫色毛癣菌;儿童
[Chin J Mycol,2016,11(5):292-293]
甲真菌病是一种较为常见的皮肤浅部真菌病,多见于成年人,儿童少见[1],甲真菌病的致病菌多为红色毛癣菌,其次为须癣毛癣菌以及絮状表皮癣菌,由紫色毛癣菌所致者极为罕见[2],国内外目前亦少有报道。现就1例紫色毛癣菌导致的儿童甲癣进行回顾性分析。
患者女,1岁8个月。因“右3趾及拇趾甲远端增厚变黄3个月余”于2015年3月来我院门诊就诊。患儿3个月前发现右足第3趾甲远端出现裂纹,趾甲颜色变为褐黄色,未予注意。随后右拇趾甲远端内侧缘开始变黄,范围逐渐扩大,甲逐渐增厚,患儿家属未采用药物治疗,来我院就诊。
体格检查:患者精神良好,发育佳,心肺腹无明显异常。皮肤科情况:患者右拇趾趾甲远端内侧缘呈灰黄色浑浊伴肥厚,以甲的远端前缘及侧缘为重,甲板表面尚光整,无明显裂纹,病变累及甲下,可见甲下脱屑;右第3趾甲远端甲呈褐黄色,甲下增厚,甲面凹凸不平,可见纵嵴,均呈远端侧位甲下型改变 (见图1)。患者无头癣及其他皮肤真菌感染。
实验室检查:取病变甲屑KOH涂片真菌镜检为阳性,可见透明的分隔菌丝。取甲屑接种于沙氏培养基,25℃培养,真菌生长缓慢,3周后可见紫色菌落 (见图2),菌株鉴定为紫色毛癣菌。
治疗:患者1岁8个月,考虑其年龄过小,未使用药物治疗。
甲真菌病主要由皮肤癣菌引起,其次为酵母菌和霉菌,而皮肤癣菌中则以红色毛癣菌为首,须癣毛癣菌以及絮状表皮癣菌所导致甲癣也较常见,而紫色毛癣菌所致甲癣则非常少见[2]。有学者基于大样本研究发现[3],儿童甲癣患者多有反复外伤史、长期穿合成材料的运动鞋以及频繁洗澡以致皮肤长期浸泡于水中等易感因素,亦多有家庭成员真菌感染史。药物或者HIV等疾病所导致的免疫抑制往往也是甲癣的罪魁祸首。
图1 右足趾甲改变 (患者右拇趾趾甲远端侧缘呈灰黄色浑浊伴肥厚,甲下脱屑;右第3趾甲远端甲呈褐黄色,甲下增厚,甲面凹凸不平,可见纵嵴) 图2 培养菌落正面及背面观 (沙氏培养基,25℃,3周)
Fig.1 The lesions on the right toenail (The distal leteral of the first right toenail turned into grey-yellow and thicker.The subugual desquamation also showed in this nail plate.The distal of the third right toenail became brown and thicker.The longitudinal crista was observed on the rugged toenail surface.) Fig.2 The frontal and dorsal views of the colony (The fugus grew well at 25℃ for 3 weeks in Sabouraud medium)
紫色毛癣菌是一种亲人性真菌,是导致黑点癣的主要病原体[4]。紫色毛癣菌所导致的甲癣多由黑点癣自体种植所造成,多累及指甲,可同时累及指甲和趾甲,脚趾单发病变则罕见[5]。Baran等[6]首先描述了紫色毛癣菌导致甲癣的特点,并将其归类为一种新的类型——甲板内型甲真菌病,其特征为甲板薄层状分裂,真菌累及甲板间,无甲下角化过度或甲脱离。但后有学者报道紫色毛癣菌可致甲面乳白色斑点伴凹陷,甲板和甲襞过度角化,甲板增厚及甲脱离[7]。紫色毛癣菌导致的远端侧位甲下型甲癣病例亦有报道[4,8]。
儿童甲癣较成人少见,可能与其甲板结构与成人不同,与成人相比更少受外伤以及儿童甲板的线性增长更快有关[3]。本例患者为幼儿,反复询问病史,未发现明显易感因素,其父母亦无甲真菌或身体其他部位的真菌感染,取患者的病变甲屑真菌镜检为阳性,继而真菌培养结果鉴定为紫色毛癣菌。紫色毛癣菌所致的甲癣多伴有黑点癣或体癣[9],但患儿病变仅累及足趾甲,无其他皮肤真菌感染,则可判定其为原发感染。观察患儿病甲甲真菌感染并非甲板内型,而为远端侧位甲下型,说明紫色毛癣菌所致甲癣并非全表现为甲板内型。
紫色毛癣菌可致头癣,且由其导致的体癣、足癣及甲癣报道也有所增加[10],在临床上应予以重视。而对于儿童甲癣更应及早诊断并治疗,以防止自体其他皮肤部位种植传播。
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Onychomycosis caused byTrichophytonviolaceumin a child and review of literatures
WANG Han,CHEN Hui
(TongjiHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430030,China)
A case report of onychomycosis caused byTrichophytonviolaceum,and statistical analysis of the etiological and clinical characteristics through literature retrieve.The baby was 20 months old,the distal of her right first and the third toenail had thickened and turned yellow for more than 3 months.Make a KOH mear with a crumb of the lesion,and then we find the fungus with hyaline and septate hyphae through microscopic examination.Fungal culture result showed that the pathogenic fungus wasTrichophytonviolaceum.Given that the child was too little to receive the medical therapy,we didn't use any antifungal drug.
onychomycosis;Trichophytonviolaceum;child
国家自然科学基金 (81371785)
王涵,女 (汉族),硕士研究生在读.E-mail:bluewanghan@126.com
陈辉,E-mail:chenhui654-2@21cn.com
R 756.4
A
1673-3827(2016)11-0292-02
2015-07-21 [本文编辑] 卫凤莲