把握论证脉络 抓住论点解题

刘月

A typical lion tamer （驯兽师） in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip （鞭） and a chair. The whip gets all of the attention， but its mostly for show. In reality， its the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face， the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided， the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many options， the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.

How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve （e.g. lose weight， start a business， travel more）—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress？

This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.

It doesnt have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face， remember this： All you need to do is focus on one thing. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. If you have somewhere you want to go， something you want to accomplish， someone you want to become …take immediate action. If youre clear about where you want to go， the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.

28. Why does the lion tamer use a chair？

A. To trick the lion.

B. To show off his skills.

C. To get ready for a fight.

D. To entertain the audience.

29. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair？

A. They feel puzzled over choices.

B. They hold on to the wrong things.

C. They find it hard to make changes.

D. They have to do something for show

30. What is the authors attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. Tolerant. B. Doubtful.

C. Respectful. D. Supportive.

31. When the world is “waving a chair in your face”， youre advised to .

A. wait for a better chance

B. break your old habits

C. make a quick decision

D. ask for clear guidance

这是2014年新课标Ⅰ卷的一篇议论文阅读理解真题。议论文常常首先借助某一现象引出论点，然后通过一系列论据从各个层面上加以推理或论证，最后得出结论或证明论点。其论证的常见结构方式为：提出问题（Put forward a question）→分析问题（Analyze the question）→解决问题（Solve the question）。

议论文命题往往从对论点、论据和结论的把握着手，考查同学们的推理判断能力。因此，遇到议论文体时，应采取抓主题段或主题句的方法快速把握文章主旨，弄清作者观点。

如同狮子会被驯兽师椅子的四条腿所迷惑，你也常困惑于太多选择而无法取得进步。所以面对选择，你应专注一件事并立即行动起来。

28. 题干 为什么驯兽师要用一把椅子？

解析 A。推理判断题。本题围绕文章中心论点提出疑问。

正确项 通过题干关键词the lion tamer/use/a chair进行寻读，我们可在首段首句找到相似表达a typical lion tamer/holding/a chair，从而将答案快速锁定在首段。再由首段第三、四句，当驯兽师举起椅子，狮子想同时看准四个椅腿却反而不知该如何做（when a lion tamer holds a chair /the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time/becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next）可知椅子的功能是为了让狮子困惑。A项To trick the lion中的trick意为“欺骗”，与原文中的become confused and is unsure为近义表达，故 A项正确。

干扰项 易错干扰项B项To show off his skills意为“炫耀技巧”，与原文中its mostly for show有相似词汇show，但show的主语是the whip，故B项有误。易错干扰项D项To entertain the audience意为“娱乐观众”，与原文中a typical lion tamer … is an entertainer有相似词汇entertain，但entertain的主语是a typical lion tamer，故D项有误。这种混淆主语的方法是干扰项常用设置法之——张冠李戴。

29. 题干 人和面对椅子的狮子有何相似之处？

解析 A。推理判断题。本题围绕文章第一个论据提出疑问。

正确项 通过题干关键词people/similar to a lion进行寻读，可在第二段首句找到相似表达find yourself in the same position as the lion，答案快速锁定第二段。再由第二段末句，“想要有所成就的人面对选择也会困惑而无法取得进展（only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress）”，可知狮子与人共同点在于面对太多选择往往会不知怎么做而无法取得进展。A项They feel puzzled over choices意为“面对选择他们会感到迷惑”，与原文中的end up confused by all of the options是近义表达，故A项正确。

干扰项 易错干扰项C项They find it hard to make changes意为“他们发现作出改变很难”，与原文中的never make progress（无法取得进展）看似很像但意思有区别。这种表达大部分与原文相似但在不易引人注意的地方换词汇的方法属于另一干扰项设置法——偷梁换柱。

30. 题干 作者对于第三段中提到的专家持什么态度？

解析 B。观点态度题。本题围绕文章第二个论据提出疑问。

正确项 通过题干关键词the authors attitude，he experts，Paragraph 3进行寻读，答案快速锁定第三段。再由第三段第二句“这让我无尽烦恼，因为尽管专家们忙于辩论哪个选择最好，但想提升生活质量的人们依然困惑于相悖的信息（this upsets me to no end/all the experts are busy debating，people ... are left confused，all the conflicting information）”可知作者并不认为专家能解决这个难题。B项Doubtful意为“怀疑的”，与原文中的this upsets me to no end，are left confused，all the conflicting information为近义表达，故B项正确。

干扰项 易错干扰项C项Respectful意为“尊敬的”， 易错干扰项D项Supportive意为“支持的”，都来自现实生活中人们通常对experts持有的态度，文章并没有相关支持信息。这种给出文中没有提及或暗示的生活常识或普遍观点的做法属于另一干扰项设置法——无中生有。

31. 题干 当世界“在你面前挥舞一把椅子”，建议你去 。

解析 C。推理判断题。本题围绕文章结论提出疑问。

正确项 通过题干关键词when，the world，waving a chair in your face进行寻读，可在末段第二句找到相似表达Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face，答案快速锁定末段。再由末段中“你需要做的就是专注于一件事并立即行动起来（all you need to do is focus on one thing，get started，starting before you feel ready，take immediate action）”可知面对多种选择立即行动起来才是作者主张的做法。C项make a quick decision意为“迅速做出决定”，与原文中的take immediate action是近义表达，故C项正确。

干扰项 易错干扰项B项break your old habits意为“打破旧习惯”，与原文中one of the habits of successful people有共同词汇habits。易错干扰项D项ask for clear guidance意为“寻求清晰的指引”，与原文中的youre clear about where you want to go有相似词汇clear，但选项与原文意思相差甚远。这种提及文中相似词汇但曲解其意思的做法属于另一干扰项设置法——断章取义。

1. 抓住主题段和主题句，理清文章结构

一般来说，议论文的论点通常在文章首段被引出，接着是对这一论点的逻辑推理和论证，最后为结论。还应注意的是：在对论点论证的过程中，每一段的主题句都通常是该段的首句或末句。把握全文论点、弄清各段的主题句、理解文章层次是理解议论文的关键。（如上文中的“文章结构”分析）

2. 找到题目关键词，快速定位答案位置

根据题干或选项所提供的关键词跳读文章，找到相关的句子或段落，然后进行比较、分析乃至推理（尤其要注意同义转换），从而找出正确答案的位置。（如上文中“正确项”的第一步）

3. 摸清正确项的命题规律

正确项往往是把文章中的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来，如选用与原文相似或相反意义的词句，对原文中句子或段落的归纳或演绎等。（如上文中“正确项”最后一步）

4. 了解常见的干扰项的命题规律，排除陷阱

有些题目设置巧妙，直接确定正确选项很困难，这时就要排除干扰项。干扰项的设置方法常常是：

张冠李戴——混淆主语（如第28题B/D项）；

偷梁换柱——表达大部分与原文相似但在不易引人注意的地方换词汇（如第29题C项）；

无中生有——给出文中没有提及的生活常识或普遍观点（如第30题C/D项）；

断章取义——提到文中相似词汇但曲解其意思（如31题B/D项）等。