唐安山
(四川省安岳县中医医院, 四川 安岳 642350)
右美托咪定对食管癌根治术中瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚用量和麻醉效果的影响
唐安山
(四川省安岳县中医医院, 四川 安岳 642350)
目的:探讨食管癌根治术中应用右美托咪定的麻醉效果,以及瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚用量和机体应激反应的影响。方法:选择符合标准的患者60例,采用随机表法随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,麻醉诱导前15min观察组静脉泵注右美托咪定0.6μg/kg,维持量0.4μg·kg-1·h-1,术毕前40min停用,对照组给予等量的0.9%氯化钠注射液,记录两组患者丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量及手术麻醉时间,注药前(T1)、麻醉诱导前(T2)、气管插管前即刻(T3)、插管后1min(T4)、探查时(T5)及拔管后即刻(T6)的脑电双频指数(BIS),术后1h和4h的镇静评分(Ramsay)和视觉模拟评分(VAS),以及手术结束和术后24h血清肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)水平。结果:两组患者手术麻醉时间相似,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组患者丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼麻醉期间用量低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组T2时间点BIS值低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余时间点两组BIS值相似,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组术后1h和4h的Ramsay评分明显高于对照组,VAS评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组手术结束及术后24h血清E、NE及ATⅡ水平均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:食管癌根治术应用右美托咪定可产生明显的镇静、镇痛效应,减少麻醉药物的用量,优化机体应激状态,促进患者术后康复。
右美托咪定; 全身麻醉; 食管癌根治术; 应激反应
本研究对食管癌根治术患者应用右美托咪定辅助全身麻醉,观察围术期麻醉疗效与药用量,现报道如下。
1.1 病例选择:入组标准:①术前诊断食管癌,有病理结果证实;②具有食管癌根治术指征;③ASA分级处于Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级;④同意进入本研究,签订知情同意书。排除标准:①合并严重心、肺、肝、肾功能障碍者;②出现恶病质、贫血、凝血功能障碍等;③肿瘤已发生远处转移,无法行根治术者;④有精神障碍性疾病。
1.2 一般资料:经医院医学伦理学委员会批准,2012 年12月至2014年12月,选择符合上述标准的患者60例,根据入院先后顺序,采用抛硬币的方法分为观察组(30例)和对照组(30例)。观察组:男19例、女11例,年龄41~65岁,平均(51.82±8.14)岁;体重46~87kg,平均(59.38±8.27)kg;ASA分级:Ⅰ级12例、Ⅱ级18例。对照组:男17例、女13例,年龄40~65岁,平均(51.76±8.11)岁;体重45~89kg,平均(59.43±8. 32)kg;ASA分级:Ⅰ级14例、Ⅱ级16例。两组患者性别构成、年龄、体重等比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。
1.3 麻醉方法:两组患者进入手术前均不给予镇静药物等。进入手术后建立静脉通路,连接多功能监护仪连续动态监测平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SPO2)和脑电双频指数(BIS)。麻醉诱导:麻醉前预输注6mL/kg乳酸钠林格氏液,给予芬太尼4μg/kg、丙泊酚靶控输注3.0~3.5μg/mL,当BIS值降至60时应用罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg,2min后进行气管插管、机械通气(潮气量:8~10mL/kg,频率:10~12次/ min)。麻醉维持:给予顺阿曲库铵0.1μg·kg-1· min-1、瑞芬太尼0.2~0.3μg·kg-1·min-1、丙泊酚靶控输注,维持血压波动±20%,BIS值控制在45~55,根据BIS值及血流动力学调整丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量,若术中HR>100次/min或<50次/min,给予适量艾司洛尔或阿托品。关腹时停用顺阿曲库铵,术毕停用瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚。切皮前和术毕前30min分别对患者给予吗啡0.06mg/kg。麻醉诱导前15min,观察组给予右美托咪定0.6μg/kg,静脉泵注15min,然后转为维持量0.4μg·kg-1·h-1,手术结束前40min停止给药;对照组给予等量0.9%氯化钠注射液。手术结束拔管后送到麻醉恢复室观察4h,完全清醒后送回病房。
1.4 观察指标:①麻醉时间及药物用量:记录两组患者丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量及手术麻醉时间。②麻醉效果:记录注药前(T1)、麻醉诱导前(T2)、气管插管前即刻(T3)、插管后1min(T4)、探查时(T5)及拔管后即刻(T6)的BIS;术后1h和4h的镇静评分(Ramsay)和视觉模拟评分(VAS)。③应激水平:手术结束和术后24h采集患者的外周血5mL,常温下以3000r/min离心10min,分离血清检测应激反应指标,即肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)和血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)。
1.5 统计学处理:采用SPSS13.0软件进行分析,计量资料比较采用t检验,重复测量设计资料采用方差分析,组间比较采用LSD-t检验,组内比较采用Bonferroni检验,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,检验水准α=0. 05。
表1 两组患者麻醉时间及药物用量比较
2.1 两组患者麻醉时间及麻醉药物用量情况比较:观察组与对照组患者手术麻醉时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但是观察组患者麻醉期间丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼用量均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05),见表1。
2.2 两组患者麻醉效果比较:观察组患者T2时间点BIS值低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余时间点两组患者BIS值相似,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。观察组患者术后1 h和4 h的Ramsay评分明显高于对照组,VAS评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。
表2 两组患者不同时间点BIS值比较
表3 两组患者Ramsay评分和VAS评分比较(分)
2.3 两组患者应激反应指标水平比较:观察组患者手术结束及术后24 h血清E、NE及ATⅡ水平均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。
表4 两组患者应激反应指标水平比较
食管癌根治术创伤大,诱发较为强烈的机体反应,从而导致脑电活动频繁等症状[1]。右美托咪定是一种新型高选择性α2肾上腺素能受体激动剂,临床起效快,一般静脉注射15min开始起效,持续给药1h可达峰浓度;半衰期短,分布半衰期为6min,消除半衰期为2.0~2.5h,因此,具有较强的镇静、镇痛和抗交感神经作用,能有效维持麻醉过程中的血流动力学平稳[2]。本研究结果显示,食管癌根治术患者麻醉诱导前15min给予右美托咪定0.6μg/kg,15min后改为维持量0.4μg·kg-1·h-1,至预计手术结束前40min停止给药,明显降低患者麻醉过程中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量,与国外研究一致[3]。BIS是反映麻醉镇静深度的良好指标,观察组患者T2时间点(麻醉诱导前)BIS值低于对照组,提示右美托咪定可产生明显的镇静作用;术后1h和4h的Ramsay评分观察组明显高于对照组,VAS评分明显低于对照组,进一步表明右美托咪定辅助全身麻醉,可以获得更好的麻醉效果。患者在围术期出现应激反应的亢进,将会直接影响其免疫功能,影响患者的机体免疫状况与预后情况,减轻手术应激对患者术后康复意义显著。本文研究表明观察组手术结束及术后24h血清E、NE和ATⅡ应激指标水平均均显著低于对照组,表明观察组患者手术应激反应轻于对照组。右美托咪定能获得上述作用,其主要原因为:①作用于脊髓后角突触前和中间神经元突触后膜肾上腺素能受体,可有效抑制疼痛信号传递。②抑制突触前膜P物质和其他伤害性肽类的释放。③选择性作用于脑干蓝斑核的α2肾上腺素受体,具有镇静和抗焦虑作用,减少躁动,减轻对疼痛刺激的影响。
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The Influence of Dexmedetomidine on Anesthetic Effects the doses of Remifentanil Combined with Propofol in Radical Correction of Esophageal Cancer
TANG Anshan
(The Chinese Medicine Hospital of Anyue,Sichuan Anyue642350,China)
Objective:To investigate the anesthetic effect of dexmedetomidine in radical correction of esophageal cancer,and the effect of the doses of remifentanil and propofol,as well as physical stress reaction. Methods:A total of 60 eligible patients were selected,and randomly divided into observation group and control group,with 30 patients in each group.At 15min before anesthesia induction,the observation group was intravenously pumped with 0.6μg/kg of dexmedetomidine and a maintenance dose of 0.4 μg·kg-1·h-1,which was withdrawn at 40min before the end of surgeries.The control group was given with an equivalent volume of 0.9%sodium chloride injection.The doses of propofol and remifentanil,anesthesia times,bispectral indexes(BIS)before drug infusion(T1),before anesthesia induction(T2),just before tracheal intubation (T3),at 1min after tracheal intubation(T4),on exploration(T5),and just after extubation(T6),sedation scores(Ramsay)and visual analogue scores(VAS)at 1h and 4h after surgeries,as well as serum epinephrine(E),norepinephrine(NE),and angiotoninⅡ(ATⅡ)levels at 0h and 24h after surgeries in the patients of the two groups were recorded.Results:The patients of the two groups had similar anesthesia times,and the difference was statistically insignificant(P>0.05);The observation groups had significantly lower doses of propofol and remifentanil than the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0. 05).The observation group had a lower BIS value at T2than the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05);and at other time points,the two group had similar BIS values,and the differ-ences were statistically insignificant(P>0.05).The observation group had significantly higher Ramsay scores and significantly lower VAS scores at 1h and 4h after surgeries than the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The observation group had significantly lower serum E,NE,and ATⅡlevels at 0h and 24h after the surgeries than the control group,and the differences were statistically significant(P <0.05).Conclusion:Use of dexmedetomidine in radical correction of esophageal cancer can produce significant sedation and analgesia effects,reduce the doses of anesthetics,optimize physical stress state,and promote the postoperative rehabilitation of the patients.
Dexmedetomidine; General anesthesia; Radical correction of esophageal cancer;Stress reaction
1006-6233(2016)09-1446-04
A 【doi】10.3969/j.issn.1006-6233.2016.09.016
四川省资阳市科技局资助项目,(编号:2014023)