余丽燕,杨 浩,黄昌春,黄 涛,余艳红,姜泉良,刘大庆,李帅东
(1:南京师范大学,南京210023) (2:云南省环境科学研究院,昆明650032)
夏季滇池和入滇河流氮、磷污染特征*
余丽燕1,杨浩1,黄昌春1**,黄涛1**,余艳红2,姜泉良1,刘大庆1,李帅东1
(1:南京师范大学,南京210023) (2:云南省环境科学研究院,昆明650032)
为探讨滇池入湖河流水体营养盐空间分布特征及其对滇池水体富营养化的影响,2014年7月采集了入滇4类典型河流(城市纳污型河流、城乡结合型河流、农田型河流、村镇型河流)及滇池水样,分析其氮、磷浓度. 结果表明:4条入湖河流总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝态氮和氨氮污染均较严重;河流水体中TN、TP平均浓度大小为:农田型河流(大河)>村镇型河流(柴河)>城乡结合型河流(宝象河)>城市纳污型河流(盘龙江),其中农田型河流(大河)水体TN、TP污染最为严重;在夏季,4条入湖河流水体中TN、TP浓度从上游向下游增加趋势比较明显,表明氮、磷沿河流不断富集;氮磷比分析表明,夏季河流输入氮、磷营养盐有利于藻类的生长,并且滇池浮游植物生长主要受TN浓度限制;夏季滇池南部入湖河流水体的TN、TP浓度高于北部入湖河流,该特征与滇池水体中TN、TP污染分布状况相反,推测滇池北部富营养化的主要影响因素是内源释放. 因此,在今后的滇池水体富营养化研究中,应对滇池内源释放进行深入研究.
滇池;入湖河流;营养状况;氮;磷;污染
水体富营养化是国际社会共同关注的水环境污染问题[1-2],如何有效地治理水体富营养化已成为世界性难题[3]. 众所周知,氮、磷是水体富营养化最为主要的限制性因子[4]. 湖泊营养化的控制与机制[5], 尤其是匈牙利的Balaton湖[6]等浅水湖泊富营养化的成功治理,为湖泊水体的富营养化治理提供了宝贵的参考经验. 湖泊营养盐的富集,包括外源输入 (人类活动和干、湿沉降) 和内源释放 (物理、化学、生物等过程),是湖泊富营养化发生的根本要素[7]. 因此,外源输入和内源释放都受到了研究者的广泛关注. 目前,相关研究主要集中在湖泊水体本身内源污染负荷方面[8],而对湖泊富营养化程度的外部影响因素,尤其是入湖河流水质营养状况对湖水富营养化的影响研究较少. 入湖河流作为氮和磷转移到湖泊中的主要路径,集中了所在流域的各种点源污染(工业污染、生活污水等)和面源污染(农业生产污水)[9]. 为此,全面了解入湖河流氮、磷营养盐空间分布及滇池污染状况,将有助于制定合理的水污染治理措施.
滇池流域是云南省人口最密集、经济最发达的地区,由于毗邻昆明主城区,滇池水质一直受到人类活动的严重影响. 随着污染物产生量的迅速增加,富营养化已经成为滇池主要的环境问题[10]. 滇池位于整个滇池流域的下部,主要有宝象河、马料河等20多条河流汇入湖体. 已有研究表明,大量氮、磷等营养物质通过流域的地表径流进入滇池,进一步加重了水体富营养化[11]. 自1980s以来,有关滇池及其流域的富营养化研究逐渐深入[12-16],王红梅等[17]从时间尺度分析了滇池水体富营养化状况,结果表明滇池水体富营养化程度在逐年加重;刘勇等[18]从沉积物角度研究了滇池富营养化,表明自 1950s以后滇池开始由中营养化向富营养化过渡;王佳音等[19]研究了入滇河流大河周边地下水氮污染的变化,揭示了大河周边农田地下水3种不同氮组分主要以硝酸盐形态存在,地下水中及滇池大河流域地下水3种形态氮浓度在空间和时间上遵循一定的变化规律. 目前的相关研究主要集中于入湖河流时间尺度上营养现状的变化特征,或者局限于湖体水质分析,而缺乏多条入滇池河流营养盐的空间变化、入湖河流外源污染和湖体氮、磷污染特征的对比研究. 为此,有必要综合分析滇池湖泊水体氮、磷空间污染特征和入滇池河流水质营养状况的空间分布特征.
湖泊富营养化将有可能导致水体藻类大量生长,从而形成“水华”. 夏季,藻类开始大量繁殖,而氮、磷是其生长最重要的控制因素,了解水体氮、磷营养盐空间分布特征,将有助于评估“水华”暴发风险. 本研究拟对滇池入湖4类典型河流(城市纳污河流、城乡结合部河流、农田河流、村镇河流)氮、磷营养盐的空间分布规律以及滇池污染来源进行分析,利用氮磷比(TN/TP)解析4条河流夏季水质的营养现状,探讨滇池流域入湖河流的富营养化污染的空间分布特征及其对滇池水体富营养化的影响,为该流域规划以及水质保护方案的制定提供科学依据.
图1 滇池流域采样点分布Fig.1 Sampling sites in Dianchi watershed
1.1 研究区域
滇池(24°40′~25°2′N,102°36′~102°47′E)位于第二级阶梯云贵高原中部,是云南高原最大的淡水湖,流域面积2920 km2,滇池湖体呈南北分布,略呈弓形,面积309.5 km2,南北向长40 km,平均深度5.3 m[20]. 滇池大小入湖河流共120多条,多发源于流域北部、东部和南部山地[21],大部分入湖河流流经人口密集的城镇、乡村以及磷矿区,最后呈向心状注入滇池.
选择滇池入湖4类典型河流(城市纳污河流、城乡结合部河流、农田河流和村镇河流),分别代表不同入滇河流的营养物含量和污染源类型. 其中,盘龙江是一条城市纳污河流,自北向南纵穿昆明城而过,从而成为昆明四城区的分界线,该河流主要接纳昆明城区点源生活污水;宝象河汇水区处于城乡结合部,接受城市点源与农业面源污染;大河位于连片农田区域的中间部位,周围基本无居住区、乡镇企业或规模化畜禽养殖基地;柴河属于村镇河流,其村镇居民集中居住区周边无集中污水处理系统[22].
1.2 样品采集
通过对4条典型河流盘龙江(PLJ)、宝象河(BXH)、大河(DH)和柴河(CH)及滇池(DC)湖体进行实地考察、调研,并严格按照地表水和污水监测技术规范(HJ/T 91-2002)及文献[23]确定每条河流的采样点(图1). 盘龙江采样点编号为PLJ1~PLJ12,宝象河采样点编号为BXH1~BXH13,大河采样点编号为DH1~DH12,柴河采样点编号为CH1~CH9,各断面采样点均自上游到下游依次编号. 滇池采样点编号为DC1~DC28. 采样时间为2014年7月9日-7月16日,所采集的水样送云南省环境科学研究院,24 h内完成分析检测工作.
1.3 测试分析与数据处理
2.1 入滇河流和滇池污染总体特征
表1 地表水总氮、总磷和氨氮标准Tab.1 Criteria of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and ammonia in surface water
表2 滇池及其4类不同入湖河流水体中的氮、磷浓度Tab.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in water of Lake Dianchi and four different kinds of inflow rivers
2.2 入滇河流和滇池水体TN浓度的空间变化特征及污染状况
图2 滇池4类不同入湖河流水体中总氮、氨氮及硝态氮浓度Fig.2 Total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the water of four different kinds of inflow rivers from Lake Dianchi
图3 滇池水体中TN浓度的空间分布Fig.3 Spatial distribution of total nitrogen concentration in the water of Lake Dianchi
使用ArcGIS 10.1对滇池水体TN浓度进行空间插值分析,获得滇池水体氮、磷浓度空间变化趋势. 滇池水体TN均值浓度空间分布具有差异性,滇池水体TN浓度由北部向南部呈衰减趋势(图3). 滇池北部水体TN浓度在1.32~5.55 mg/L之间,平均浓度为3.02 mg/L. 滇池南部水体TN浓度在1.14~1.71 mg/L之间,平均浓度为1.36 mg/L.
2.3 入滇河流和滇池水体TP浓度的空间变化特征及污染状况
夏季各河流水体中TP浓度从上游向下游逐渐升高,变化趋势与TN浓度类似(图4a). 逐点分析TP浓度,宝象河和盘龙江TP浓度变化幅度不大,盘龙江上游4个采样点水体的TP浓度都低于Ⅱ类水质浓度限值(0.1 mg/L),下游8个样点TP浓度大于Ⅱ类水质浓度限值. 宝象河13个采样点水体的TP浓度从上游到下游变化趋势相对较缓,TP浓度峰值拐点出现在第7个采样点,其浓度高达0.41 mg/L. 大河与柴河TP浓度变化较大,其中,大河水体TP浓度最大值出现在第8个样点;柴河9个采样点TP浓度变化整体上与大河类似,最大值出现在采样点7(0.59 mg/L). 农田型河流(大河)是入湖磷素的主要贡献者,进入滇池的TP平均浓度排序为:大河>柴河>宝象河>盘龙江(图4b),表明农业汇水区河流的平均浓度贡献率明显高于城市汇水区河流.
滇池水体中TP平均浓度的空间分布具有差异性,由北部向南部呈衰减的趋势(图5). 滇池北部水体中TP浓度在0.21~0.69 mg/L之间,平均浓度为0.35 mg/L. 滇池南部水体中TP浓度为0.19~0.25 mg/L,平均浓度为0.22 mg/L.
2.4 入滇典型河流以及滇池水体氮、磷比例关系
TN/TP(质量比)是分析河流水体浮游植物的生长态势及其营养盐限值因子和水体浮游植物营养结构特征的重要指标. 有学者将富营养化评估的标准划分3个区间:(1)当TN/TP小于7~10,氮元素成为浮游植物生长的限制因子. (2)TN/TP介于23~30之间,磷元素成为水体植物生长的限制因子. (3)TN/TP介于两者之间为水体植物合适的生长范围[28-29]. 不同流域类型的4条河流夏季TN/TP基本上介于7~30之间(图6),说明夏季各条河流水质整体上适合浮游藻类的生长. 而滇池大部分采样点水体的TN/TP小于7,说明氮元素成为滇池浮游植物生长的限制因子,因此对氮污染进行控制更有利于滇池水体富营养化的控制.
图4 滇池4类入湖河流水体中的总磷浓度Fig.4 Total phosphorus concentrations in water of four different kinds of inflow rivers from Lake Dianchi
图5 滇池水体TP浓度的空间分布Fig.5 Spatial distributions of total phosphorus concentration in water of Lake Dianchi
3.1 影响入滇河流水体TN、TP浓度空间变化的主要因素
位于北部的宝象河和盘龙江水体氮、磷浓度低于南部的柴河和大河(图2~5),水体TN、TP浓度差异是由不同类型的河流和每条河流不同河段的区域异质性导致的. 城乡结合型河流(宝象河)和城市纳污型河流(盘龙江)流经地区多为城镇居民区,治污力度较大导致营养盐浓度相对较低[30];而农田型河流(大河)和村镇型河流(柴河)流经地区多为集约化农业区,化肥的大量使用以及禽畜废弃物的直接排放造成水体中氮、磷等营养盐浓度较高. 有研究表明,农业上长期施用高量氮肥和畜禽养殖废弃物的直接排放是造成水中氮污染的重要原因之一[31].
夏季4条河流水体中TN和TP浓度从上游向下游逐渐升高,但各河流在不同河段的变化特征存在差异. 具体差异性和影响因素为:
城市纳污型河流(盘龙江)上游4个采样点水体TN、TP浓度分别低于Ⅴ类和Ⅱ类水质标准,主要因为上游河段作为昆明市主要饮用水源保护区,实行封闭式管理,污染较小;而其下游8个采样点水体TN、TP浓度分别超过V类和Ⅱ类水质标准,符合城市纳污河流沿途不断接受污水排放的实际情况[32].
城乡结合型河流(宝象河)13个采样点水体中TN、TP浓度从上游到下游变化趋势相对较缓. 宝象河是滇池东部城乡结合部入湖河流,沿途接纳城市点源与农业面源污染,因此城市污染与农业污染对其均有影响[33]. TP浓度峰值拐点出现在第7个采样点,结合采样时间、天气状况以及采样点地形特征(大面积无植被覆盖的红黄壤山坡),主要是因为夏季降雨量较大,容易形成明显的地表径流[34],使山坡水土流失严重,进而使大量易溶解性磷随径流进入水体.
村镇型河流(柴河)9个采样点水体TN、TP浓度从上游到下游呈先增后减的趋势,TP浓度最大值出现在采样点7,主要原因是其位于磷矿分布区域. 样点4与样点7之间河段的TN浓度有所降低,可能是以硝态氮为主的水体自净作用的结果[35].
农田型河流(大河)12个采样点水体TN、TP浓度变化基本符合农田河流营养盐从上游到下游不断累积的特征,其中,第8个采样点水体TN、TP浓度突然增加,这主要是由于该采样点周围有农田广布,是农业面源污染导致的[36].
图6 入滇河流及滇池水体的氮磷比分布Fig.6 The distribution of TN/TP ratios in water of inflow rivers and Lake Dianchi
3.2 影响入滇河流水体氨氮、硝态氮浓度空间变化的主要因素
对于TN、TP而言,农业汇水区为主的大河与柴河入湖水体平均浓度明显高于城市汇水区为主的盘龙江和宝象河,且总体变化趋势一致(图2a、图4a),但不同形态的氮总体变化趋势存在明显差异,这主要与河流类型特征有关. 4条河流水体的NH3-N浓度总体上呈现从上游到下游波动增加的变化趋势(图7a). 有研究表明,河流中NH3-N主要来源于城市生活污水和工业废水以及由水土流失和农田施肥造成的氮素流失[37],但不同类型河流的变化趋势各异. 农田型河流(大河)水体的氨氮浓度相对较高,说明丰水期的夏季NH3-N浓度主要受农业面源污染影响,夏季强降雨引起的地表径流将农业生态系统中未被利用的氮素及其他污染物带入河流造成氨氮污染[38],其中,第8个采样点NH3-N浓度达到最大,说明该样点区域水体近期受到污染最为严重[39]. 城乡结合型河流(宝象河)和城市纳污型河流(盘龙江)的污染主要来自生活污水和工厂的点源排放,排放量常年基本保持稳定. 城市纳污型河流虽受人类活动影响较大,但污染程度较小,这与盘龙江污染治理措施的加强(河道清淤、水质治理)和江河污染防控措施的实施有一定关系. 农业汇水区的大河和柴河虽受人为活动干扰小,但该区域具有传统农作物与养殖区广布的地理特征[40],且夏季降雨相对集中造成农业区暴雨径流水所占比重增加,导致河流面源污染的影响程度大于城市、工业聚集等点源污染程度.
图7 滇池4类入湖河流水体中氨氮和硝态氮浓度Fig.7 Ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen concentrations in water of four different kinds of inflow rivers from Lake Dianchi
3.3 入滇河流与滇池湖体氮、磷营养盐对比分析
北部入滇河流水体中TN平均浓度为8.23 mg/L,TP平均浓度为0.38 mg/L;南部入滇河流水体中TN平均浓度为20.24 mg/L,TP平均浓度为0.84 mg/L. 南部入滇河流水体中TN、TP浓度是北部入滇河流的2倍多. 而滇池北部水体中TN浓度在3.47~5.39 mg/L之间,TP浓度在0.34~0.47 mg/L之间. 滇池南部水体中TN浓度在1.14~3.46 mg/L之间,其TP浓度在0.21~0.32 mg/L之间(图3、5). 滇池水体TP、TN浓度由北部向南衰减,与卢少勇等[45]的研究结论一致,但北部入滇河流比南部入滇河流污染小的结果与其研究不一致,因此,我们推测滇池北部富营养化的主要影响因素是内源释放,水体的富营养化水平很大程度上受底泥向水体释放的氮、磷营养盐的影响[46-47]. 结合湖泊水体沉积学理论,可能原因有:(1)滇池地区常年盛行西南风[48],南部水体中的TN、TP随水流和风的扰动向北部集聚. (2)与滇池特定的水动力、地形构造[49]有关. (3)滇池南部多为磷矿区,如柴河流域周边磷矿分布广泛,磷矿石含钙量较高,而沉积物无机磷主要以钙磷化合物形式沉积[50]. 滇池西南部磷的吸附性沉积,导致磷浓度降低. 为此,在今后的滇池水体富营养化研究中,应对滇池内源释放进行深入研究.
2)4类典型入湖河流中,TN、TP平均浓度大小顺序为:农田型河流(大河)>村镇型河流(柴河)>城乡结合型河流(宝象河)>城市纳污型河流(盘龙江).
3)夏季各条河流水质整体上适合浮游藻类的生长,氮元素是滇池浮游植物生长的主要限制因子.
4)滇池水体TN、TP平均浓度的空间分布存在差异,总体上呈现出由滇池北部向南部逐渐递减的趋势,该特征与外源污染物的输入状况相反. 内源释放是滇池北部水体富营养化的主要影响因素,值得进一步深入研究.
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Characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorous pollution in Lake Dianchi and its inflow rivers in summer
YU Liyan1, YANG Hao1, HUANG Changchun1**, HUANG Tao1**, YU Yanhong2, JIANG Quanliang1, LIU Daqing1& LI Shuaidong1
(1:NanjingNormalUniversity,Nanjing210023,P.R.China) (2:EnvironmentalScienceResearchInstituteofYunnanProvince,Kunming650032,P.R.China)
To investigate the spatial distribution of nutrients in the inflow rivers and their influence on the eutrophication of Lake Dianchi, water samples were collected from Lake Dianchi and four different types of the inflow rivers during July of 2014. The four different types of rivers were named as the river in the urban areas, the river in the combination of urban and rural areas, the river dominated by non-point source pollution, and the river dominated by sewage pollution in town and village. The results indicated that, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen concentrations from the four inflow rivers were very high. The mean concentrations of TN and TP from these inflow rivers were in the order: rivers dominated by non-point source pollution (Dahe River) > rivers dominated by sewage pollution in town and village (Chaihe River) > rivers in the combination of urban and rural areas (Baoxiang River) > rivers in the urban areas (Panlong River). The TN and TP concentrations from the rivers dominated by non-point source pollution (Dahe River) were the highest. In summer, it is clearly that the TN and TP concentrations increased from the upstream to the downstream in all four inflow rivers, which means that the TN and TP constantly accumulated. The ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus showed that both TN and TP were sufficient for algal growth from all inflow rivers in summer, but the algal growth in Lake Dianchi was limited by TN. The TN and TP concentrations from the southeastern inflow rivers were higher than those from the northwestern rivers, but the law was opposite in Lake Dianchi. Therefore, we speculated that the internal pollutant sources are the major cause of eutrophication of Lake Dianchi. The deeply researches should focus on the internal pollutions for the study on the eutrophication of Lake Dianchi in the future.
Lake Dianchi; inflow rivers; nutrition status; nitrogen; phosphorus; pollution
*国家自然科学基金项目(41503075,41571324)、中国博士后基金面上项目(2015M581826)和云南省环境科学研究院(中国昆明高原湖泊国际研究中心)开放基金项目联合资助. 2015-09-14收稿; 2015-12-09收修改稿. 余丽燕(1990~),女,硕士;E-mail:1606695310@qq.com.
**通信作者;E-mail:huangchangchun@njnu.edu.cn, E-mail:09392@njnu.edu.cn.