刘正群 吕帅兵 解竞静 张祖翔 刘静波, 张宏福*
(1.中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所,动物营养学国家重点实验室,北京100193;2.西南科技大学生命科学与工程学院,绵阳621010)
饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的标准回肠及全肠道消化率评定的影响
刘正群1吕帅兵1解竞静1张祖翔2刘静波1,2张宏福1*
(1.中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所,动物营养学国家重点实验室,北京100193;2.西南科技大学生命科学与工程学院,绵阳621010)
摘要:本试验旨在研究饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的标准回肠消化率(SID)及标准全肠道消化率(STTD)评定的影响。选用18头平均体重为(73.8±3.3) kg、安装了简单T型瘘管的育肥猪,采用9×4不完全拉丁方设计,采用9种饲粮,进行4期试验。9种饲粮中无磷饲粮用于测定基础内源磷排泄量(EPL),6种半纯合饲粮和2种混合饲粮用于测定磷的消化率。以三氧化二铬为指示剂测定EPL和磷的消化率。结果表明:1)饲粮类型极显著影响育肥猪回肠磷排泄量、磷的表观回肠消化率(AID)及SID(P<0.01);饲粮磷水平极显著影响育肥猪回肠磷排泄量(P<0.01),但对磷的AID和SID影响不显著(P>0.05);饲粮类型与饲粮磷水平的互作效应极显著影响育肥猪回肠磷排泄量、磷的AID及SID(P<0.01)。2)饲粮类型极显著影响育肥猪全肠道磷排泄量、磷的表观全肠道消化率(ATTD)和STTD(P<0.01);饲粮磷水平极显著影响育肥猪全肠道磷排泄量、磷的ATTD(P<0.01),但对磷的STTD的影响不显著(P>0.05);饲粮类型及饲粮磷水平的互作效应显著影响育肥猪的全肠道磷排泄量(P<0.01)和磷的ATTD(P<0.05),但对磷的STTD无显著影响(P>0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的AID、SID及STTD评定无显著影响,但饲粮磷水平显著影响育肥猪磷的ATTD评定。因此,在使用STTD评定猪饲料原料中磷的利用效率时可配制具有不同磷水平的试验饲粮。
关键词:育肥猪;磷;表观消化率;标准消化率
为准确评定育肥猪对磷的标准回肠消化率(standardized ileal digestibility,SID)及标准全肠道消化率(standardized total tract digestibility,STTD),研究不同磷水平对育肥猪磷的消化率的影响十分重要。已有研究表明,饲粮不同粗蛋白质水平影响回肠内源氨基酸损失,从而影响生长猪氨基酸表观回肠消化率(apparent ileal digestibility,AID)的评定[1]。同样,饲粮不同磷水平也会导致猪内源磷排泄量(endogenous P losses,EPL)占其总磷排泄量的比例不同,从而影响AID及表观全肠道消化率(apparent total tract digestibility,ATTD)的评定[2-3]。Shen等[4]和Dilger等[5]研究表明,生长猪磷的回肠消化率和全肠道消化率无显著差异,表明磷的回肠消化率和全肠道消化率均可有效地评定饲粮中磷的利用效率,且NRC(2012)[6]中推荐使用STTD来评定猪对饲料原料中磷的生物学效价。造成生长猪磷的消化率评定在不同研究中存在显著差异的因素主要有饲粮类型、磷水平及钙磷比等[7-9]。已有研究指出,通过添加无机磷提高饲粮磷水平可显著提高猪的AID和ATTD[10-11]。因此,本研究假设在没有无机磷添加的基础上,饲粮不同磷水平可能会造成育肥猪对磷的SID和STTD的差异。以豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米干酒糟及其可溶物(distillers dried grains with solubles,DDGS)作为单一磷来源的半纯合饲粮和玉米、豆粕、菜籽粕和玉米DDGS作为磷来源组成的混合饲粮为试验饲粮,考察饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的SID和STTD评定的影响。
1材料与方法
1.1试验设计和饲养管理
试验选用18头平均体重为(73.8±3.3) kg、安装了简单T型瘘管的“杜×长×大”杂交阉公猪,根据体重随机分为9组,每组2个重复,每个重复1
头猪。试验采用9×4不完全拉丁方设计,采用9种饲粮,进行4期试验。9种饲粮分别为:1种无磷饲粮(phosphorus-freediet,PFD),用来估计EPL;6种半纯合饲粮,即分别由豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米DDGS作为单一磷来源,并设置2个磷水平;2种混合饲粮,即由玉米、豆粕、菜籽粕和玉米DDGS作为磷来源,并设置2个磷水平。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。选择三氧化二铬作为指示剂测定磷的消化率。试验动物于不锈钢代谢笼内饲养,自然光照,室温控制在20 ℃左右。试验期包括5 d适应期、2 d粪便收集期、2 d食糜收集期,采食量根据试验动物体重的3.5%计算得出,分2次分别于08:00和17:00饲喂,试验动物自由饮水。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
续表1项目Items无磷饲粮PFD豆粕Soybeanmeal低磷LowP高磷HighP菜籽粕Rapeseedmeal低磷LowP高磷HighP玉米干酒糟及其可溶物CornDDGS低磷LowP高磷HighP混合饲粮Mixeddiet低磷LowP高磷HighP钙Ca0.320.220.370.360.640.390.650.400.61总磷TP0.070.180.310.300.530.320.540.320.50
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供Premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:Cu (CuSO4·5H2O) 20 mg,Fe (FeSO4·7H2O) 120 mg,Mn (MnSO4·H2O) 30 mg,Zn (Zn SO4·H2O) 120 mg,Se (Na2SeO3) 0.5 mg,I (KI) 0.5 mg,VA 8 000 IU,VD32 000 IU,VE 12 IU,VK31.2 mg,VB11.5 mg,VB24 mg,VB62 mg,VB120.02 mg,生物素 biotin 0.08 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.5 mg。
2)营养水平为测定值。Nutrient levels were measured values.
1.2样本收集和处理
试验经过5 d适应期后,收集试验动物在试验第6天和第7天08:00—18:00排出的全部粪便,并收集试验动物在第8天和第9天08:00—18:00的全部食糜。粪便样品和食糜样品收集后立即置于-20 ℃冰箱中冷冻保存,待试验结束后将每头猪的全部食糜和粪便样品分别混合均匀后,置于65 ℃烘箱干燥后粉碎待测。
1.3测定指标与方法
试验饲粮、食糜、粪便样品的常规营养成分及总磷含量参考张丽英[12]测定方法测定,三氧化二铬含量参考Fenton等[13]提出的方法进行测定。
1.4计算方法
饲粮磷的AID和SID按照如下公式进行计算:
磷的AID(%)=100-[(饲粮铬含量/
食糜中铬含量)×(食糜中磷含量/
饲粮中磷含量)×100];
磷的SID(%)=AID+[(回肠EPL/
饲粮磷含量)×100];
回肠EPL=食糜中磷含量×饲粮磷含量/
食糜中铬的含量。
磷的ATTD和STTD按照如下公式进行计算:
磷的ATTD(%)=100-[(饲粮中铬含量/
粪中铬含量)×(粪中磷含量/
饲粮中磷含量)×100];
磷的STTD(%)=ATTD+(全肠道EPL/
饲粮磷含量)×100;
全肠道EPL=粪中磷含量×饲粮磷含量/
粪中铬的含量。
1.5数据统计与分析
采用SAS 9.2统计分析软件中的一般线性模型(GLM)对试验数据进行方差分析和显著性检验,使用最小显著差异法(LSD)比较磷的回肠及全肠道消化率的差异,统计结果以平均值±标准误表示,P<0.05为差异显著。
2结果与分析
2.1饲粮类型及磷水平对育肥猪采食量和干物质摄入量的影响
由表2可见,各试验组之间育肥猪的体重、采食量及干物质摄入量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
2.2饲粮类型及磷水平对育肥猪磷回肠消化率的影响
由表3可见,饲粮类型极显著影响育肥猪回肠磷排泄量、磷的AID和SID(P<0.01)。在总磷摄入量相近的条件下,饲喂玉米DDGS饲粮的育肥猪回肠磷排泄量低于菜籽粕和混合饲粮组的回肠磷排泄量,导致饲喂玉米DDGS饲粮的AID和SID高于豆粕组、菜籽粕组和混合饲粮组。饲粮磷水平极显著影响育肥猪回肠食糜的磷排泄量(P<0.01),但对育肥猪磷的AID和SID的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲粮类型与磷水平的互作效应极显著影响育肥猪回肠磷排泄量、磷的AID及SID(P<0.01)。
表2 饲粮类型及磷水平对育肥猪采食量和干物质摄入量的影响
表3 饲粮类型及磷水平对育肥猪磷回肠、全肠道消化率的影响
续表3项目Items豆粕Soybeanmeal低磷LowP高磷HighP菜籽粕Rapeseedmeal低磷LowP高磷HighP玉米干酒糟及其可溶物CornDDGS低磷LowP高磷HighP混合饲粮Mixeddiet低磷LowP高磷HighPSEMP值P-value饲粮类型Dietarytype磷水平DietaryPlevel互作Interaction磷的表观全肠道消化率ApparenttotaltractdigestibilityofP/%34.3240.4026.6032.9563.5164.5831.9231.591.36<0.0010.0010.030磷的标准全肠道消化率StandardizedtotaltractdigestibilityofP/%2)51.2650.3336.7638.7472.7970.1041.2837.511.36<0.0010.1640.175
1)回肠内源磷排泄量为237 mg/kg。Ileal basal endogenous P loss was 237 mg/kg.
2)全肠道内源磷排泄量为276 mg/kg。Total tract basal endogenous P loss was 276 mg/kg.
2.3饲粮类型及磷水平对育肥猪磷全肠道消化率的影响
由表3可见,饲粮类型极显著影响育肥猪全肠道磷排泄量、磷的ATTD和STTD(P<0.01),与饲粮类型对回肠磷排泄量和磷消化率的影响类似。饲喂玉米DDGS饲粮的育肥猪全肠道磷排泄量低于菜籽粕组和混合饲粮组的全肠道磷排泄量,导致饲喂玉米DDGS饲粮的育肥猪磷的ATTD和STTD高于其他饲粮组。饲粮磷水平极显著影响育肥猪全肠道磷排泄量(P<0.01),饲粮磷水平越高,全肠道磷排泄量越高,同时饲粮磷水平极显著影响磷的ATTD(P<0.01),在豆粕组、菜籽粕组及玉米DDGS组饲粮中,高磷水平组ATTD高于低磷水平组。但饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的STTD的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。此外,饲粮类型及磷水平的互作效应显著影响育肥猪的全肠道磷排泄量(P<0.01)和磷的ATTD(P<0.05),但对育肥猪磷的STTD无显著影响(P>0.05)。
3讨论
指示剂法和全收粪法是测定生长猪养分消化率的主要方法。采用全收粪法能比较准确地测定猪养分的消化率,但收集全部粪便工作强度较大,且受诸多条件限制。因此,早期研究多使用指示剂法测定生长猪磷的消化率[2-3]。由于小肠是磷的主要消化吸收部位,且大部分前期研究表明生长猪磷的全肠道消化率和回肠消化率之间无显著差异,因此Shen等[4]、Dilger等[5]提出磷的全肠道消化率和回肠消化率均可被用于评定生长猪对饲粮中磷的利用效率。使用回肠消化率和全肠道消化率评定生长猪对饲粮中磷的利用效率时各有利弊。使用回肠消化率来评定生长猪对磷的利用效率时需要收集其回肠食糜,收集回肠食糜可减少样品被污染的机率,但收集回肠食糜需要对猪只进行外科瘘管手术以及术后的护理工作,会相应增加试验的工作量。而使用全肠道消化率评定磷的利用效率时可省去瘘管手术的安装,从而减轻试验的工作量,但是粪便样品收集过程中容易受到尿液等的污染。NRC(2012)[6]提出通过使用PFD可测得生长猪EPL,对磷的ATTD进行校正,从而得出磷的STTD,该理论的假设是基于特定内源磷的排泄量不受饲粮类型和饲粮磷水平的影响。本研究通过比较不同磷水平的9种饲粮的回肠消化率和全肠道消化率,探讨饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的SID和STTD评定的影响。
在本试验条件下,豆粕、菜籽粕及玉米DDGS饲粮组育肥猪磷的AID与Bohlke等[14]、Fan等[15]和Yez等[16]报道结果基本一致。通过饲喂PFD测得育肥猪回肠基础EPL为237.4 mg/kg干物质摄入量,低于Shen等[4]通过线性回归方法测定的693 mg/kg干物质摄入量。结果表明,饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的AID和SID无显著影响,而饲粮类型和磷水平的交互作用对磷的AID和SID的影响显著。这说明在本试验条件下,使用磷的SID来评定单一磷来源饲料原料磷的利用效率时可以不考虑饲粮磷水平的影响,但在不同磷来源饲料间使用磷的SID评定磷的利用效率时仍需考虑饲粮磷水平的影响。
本试验条件下豆粕、菜籽粕、玉米DDGS组育肥猪磷的ATTD与Bohlke等[14]、She等[17]、Almeida等[18]和Xue等[19]报道结果基本一致。通过饲喂育肥猪PFD测得其全肠道EPL为275.8 mg/kg干物质摄入量,高于目前报道通过饲喂PFD测定的基础EPL为139~211 mg/kg干物质摄入量[20-21],但低于Shen等[4]通过线性回归方法测定的670 mg/kg干物质摄入量。本试验通过PFD法测定的全肠道EPL高于文献报道中EPL的原因可能与本试验配制的PFD中仍含总磷0.07%以及本试验采用的试验猪体重大于文献中所用的试验猪体重等有关。磷的ATTD经过全肠道EPL校正后,得到的磷的STTD分别与Bohlke等[14]、She等[17]和NRC(2012)[6]中所提供的豆粕、菜籽粕及玉米DDGS磷的STTD参考值基本一致。结果表明,饲粮磷水平显著影响育肥猪磷的ATTD,这可能是因为,当饲粮磷水平较低时,大部分磷已在小肠被消化吸收,而当饲粮磷水平较高时,未被小肠消化吸收的磷进入后肠依然可被动物利用。而磷的STTD只受饲粮类型的显著影响,不受饲粮磷水平及其互作效应的显著影响,故本试验条件下使用STTD值评定磷的利用效率时可以不用考虑试验饲粮中磷水平的影响,但该结论是否可推广使用还需要设置更多梯度磷水平的饲粮来验证。
4结论
① 本试验条件下饲粮磷水平对育肥猪磷的AID及SID的评定无显著影响。
② 当饲粮总磷水平低于育肥猪总磷需要量时,饲粮磷水平显著影响磷的ATTD评定,但对磷的STTD评定无显著影响。因此,在使用STTD评定猪饲料原料中磷的利用效率时可配制具有不同磷水平的试验饲粮。
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(责任编辑李慧英)
Effects of Dietary Phosphorus Level on Determination of Standardized Ileal and Total Tract Digestibility of Phosphorus for Fattening Pigs
LIU Zhengqun1LYU Shuaibing1XIE Jingjing1ZHANG Zuxiang2LIU Jingbo1,2ZHANG Hongfu1*
(1. State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; 2. Inititution of Life Science and Engineering,Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China)
Abstract:The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary phosphorus (P) level on the determination of standardized ileal digestibility (SID) and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P for fattening pigs. Eighteen fattening pigs with the average body weight of (73.8±3.3) kg were surgically fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum. According to an incomplete Latin square design duplicated 9×4, nine diets and four periods were used in this experiment. The 9 experimental diets consisted of one P-free diet (PFD), six semi-purified diets and 2 mixed diets. PFD was used to estimate the basal endogenous P losses (EPL), while other diets were used to determine P digestibility. Chromic oxide was included in diets to determine EPL and P digestibility. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary type extremely significantly affected ileal P output, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of P for fattening pigs (P<0.01). Dietary P level extremely significantly affected ileal P output (P<0.01), but had no significant influences on AID and SID of P for fattening pigs (P>0.05). The interaction of dietary type and dietary P level extremely significantly affected ileal P output, AID and SID of P for fattening pigs (P<0.01). 2) Dietary type extremely significantly affected total tract P output, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and STTD of P for fattening pigs (P<0.01). Dietary P level extremely significantly affected total tract output and ATTD of P (P<0.01), but had no significant influence on STTD of P for fattening pigs (P>0.05). The interaction of dietary type and dietary P level significantly affected total tract output (P<0.01) and ATTD of P (P<0.05), but had no significant influence on STTD of P for fattening pigs (P>0.05). In conclusion, under the condition of this experiment, dietary P level has no significant influence on the determination of AID, SID and STTD of P for fattening pigs. However, dietary P level significantly affects the determination of ATTD of P for fattening pigs. Therefore, experimental diets with different dietary P levels can be formulated when STTD is used for determining the efficiency of P in feed ingredients of pigs.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016, 28(5):1361-1368]
Key words:fattening pigs; phosphorus; apparent digestibility; standardized digestibility
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.05.011
收稿日期:2015-11-29
基金项目:国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BDA39B01,2013BAD21B02-01);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(ASTIP-IAS07)
作者简介:刘正群(1991—),男,山东聊城人,硕士研究生,从事猪营养研究。E-mail: liuzhengqun2015@163.com *通信作者:张宏福,研究员,博士生导师,E-mail: zhanghongfu@caas.cn
中图分类号:S816.17;S828
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-267X(2016)05-1361-08
*Corresponding author, professor, E-mail: zhanghongfu@caas.cn