非谓语动词对比教学

2016-04-10 07:28泰来县第三中学徐桂玲
黑龙江教育(教育与教学) 2016年3期
关键词:时性动名词分词

♡泰来县第三中学 徐桂玲

非谓语动词对比教学

♡泰来县第三中学 徐桂玲

非谓语动词的用法在高考题中所占比重很大,如何让学生轻松掌握它们的用法,在考试中能熟练应用呢?作为教师,我通过分析例句,采用对比的方法来引导学生理解和应用,经过多年的实践总结,教学效果非常好。

非谓语动词包括动名词、现在分词、不定式、过去分词。现依据它们在句子中的成分来进行对比分析:

一、动名词、不定式做主语

1.时间上有区别

Playingwith fire is dangerous.(动名词具有泛时性、经常性。)

To playwith firewillbe dangerous.(不定式具有一次性、后时性。)

(2014湖南卷)______(understand)yourown needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey youraffection and emotions.(答案Understanding,动名词做主语。)

2.形式上有区别

To learn Englishwell isnoteasy.

=It isnoteasy to learn Englishwell.(不定式可以转化为it做形式主语。)

(2015吉林模拟卷)Ithink itisagreathonor___(invite)tovisityourcountry.(答案to be invited,不定式做主语。)

(2014山东卷)It’sstandard practice fora company like thisone__(employ)a security officer.(答案to employ,不定式做主语。)

注意:It is+adjof/for sb.to do——形容词是修饰人的,用介词of;是修饰事物的,用for,常用的修饰人的词有careless,clever,considerate,stupid,nice,silly,foolish, good,impolite,kind,naughty.

eg.①Itis very kind ofyou to tellme the truth.

②Hisarriving added to our excitement.

注意:动名词除以下几种句型外,不可转为it做形式主语。

It isno use/no good/no fun doing...

二、动名词、现在分词、不定时、过去分词做表语

My job is cleaning all the desks.(动名词做表语表示泛时性和经常性,主语和表语可互换。)

He is cleaning all the desks.(现在分词表示正在进行的动作。)

My next task is to clean all the desks.(不定式表示后时性。)

No one is paid at the end ofeverymonth.(过去分词表示被动,但也有不表示被动而表示状态或动作、结果的,如:bemarried,be dressed,be changed。)

注意:下列词做主语时常用不定式做表语,wish,aim, goal,hope,idea,plan,purpose,suggestion,next.

eg.The nextmeasure is to match kinds of food with animals.

三、动名词、不定式做宾语

(2014江西卷)When it comes to____(speak)in public,noone canmatch him.(答案speaking,做介词宾语。)

(2014陕西卷)It’s quite hot today.Do you feel like ____(go)for aswim.(答案going,做fell like的宾语。)

1.后接不定式做宾语的动词

2.接不定式和动名词没有区别的

begin/continue/like/love/prefer/start/hate,但begin,start在以下三种情况下接不定式:①主语是事物,②本身是进行时be starting to do,③不定式是表示心理状态的start to see/realize/understand.

3.接不定式和动名词在意义上有区别的

四、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式做定语,一般都是单词做定语置前,短语做定语置后

1.thewaiting room(动名词表用途。)

thesleepingboy(现在分词表主动或正在进行。)

a broken glass(过去分词表被动或动作完成。)

2.Thehouse tobebuiltnext year.(将要发生的动作。)

Thehouse built lastyear.(已经完成的动作。)

Thehouse beingbuiltnow.(正在进行的动作。)

(2014浙江卷)Amie Salmon,disabled,is attended throughout her school days by a nurse_______(appoint)to guard her.(答案appointed,做anurse的定语。)

(2014北京卷)Lastnight,thereweremillionsof people_____(watch)the opening ceremony live on TV.(答案watching,现在分词做定语。)

(2014北京卷)There are stillmany problems_______ (solve)beforewe are ready for a long stay on themoon.(答案to be solved,做problem的定语,表后时性。)

(2015郑州模拟卷)ShanghaiDisneyland Park,_______ (complete)in 2015,will attract tourists from all over China then.(答案to be completed,做定语,表后时性。)

3.havesth.todo/have sth.tobe done(主语是施动者用主动,否则用被动。)

eg.①The baby’smotherhad some clothes towash.

②The babyhad some clothes to bewashed.

4.当名词被the first/thesecond/thenext/the last/theonly修饰时,常用todo做定语。

eg.①She isalways the firstone to come.

②Hewas theonlywaiter toknow the truth.

五、过去分词、现在分词、不定式做宾补(看宾语与宾补的关系。)

The ladywentout,with housework finished.(过去分词与宾语是被动关系。)

The ladywentout,with the baby crying.(现在分词与宾语是主动关系。)

The ladywentout,with the dooropen.(形容词表宾语的状态。)

The ladywentout,with some food to buy.(不定式表后时性。)

(2015石家庄模拟卷)Marry received an invitation to the Christmas party,butwith her homework______(finish), she refused itunwillingly.(答案unfinished,做宾补。)

六、过去分词、现在分词、不定式做状语

(2014福建卷)______(spend)the pastyear asan exchange student in Hongkong,Linda appears more mature than those ofherage.(答案Having spent,做状语。)

1.过去分词转化的形容词做状语,多为反身动词

Dressed in red,she looksyoung for herage.

Dressingherself in red,she looks young forher age.

2.分词的悬垂现象

The book has sold onemillion a year,making it themostpopular.(making与句子之间是主动关系。)

3.不定式做状语

eg.To catch the early bus,he gets up early every day.(目的状语。)

I’m glad to seeyou.(原因状语。)

The book ishard tounderstand.(方式状语。)

He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.(结果状语,出乎意料的结果。)

七、非谓语动词的特殊用法

1.独立主格

Spring coming,the fields are fullof life.(com ing与逻辑主语spring之间是主动关系。)

Themanwentoutof the room,food inmouth.

Theworkerswent home from work,with their task finished.(finished与task之间是被动关系。)

Ihave no time to see a film,with a lotofclothes towash.(to wash表示要做的事。)

2.compare的用法(compare to只用过去分词做定语;com pare...to...做状语依据和句子主语的关系,主动关系用现在分词,被动关系用过去分词。)

eg.①Compared to/with his car,my car can stand long distance.

②Comparing my car with yours,I can’t find the dif ference.

3.分词的连词化。以下分词起到连词的作用:considering/granted/granting/provided/providing/supposing/ assuming/seeing that.

eg.Supposing I have free time,I will go to see my grandmother.

4.分词的介词化。以下分词起到介词的作用:concerning/considering/including/counting/saving/given

eg.Mostyoungmen like popular stars,includingme.

5.评价性状语(有些分词和不定式可以做独立成分,用来解释整个句子,不受句子主语的限制。)

generally speaking/strictly speaking/personally speaking/exactly speaking/judging from/judgingby/taking everything into consideration/not to say/to say nothing of.../not to mention/tobe frank/tobe honest/strange tosay/tomakemattersworse/etc.

eg.①Judging from hisactions,Jim’swords is true.

②Generallyspeaking,girlsaremorecarefulthanboys.

以上是我对非谓语动词的对比教学内容,高考题可以逐年更新,教法很明显地体现出来了:通过例句对比分析,有助于学生对用法的理解和应用,在用中学,才能更好地学以致用。

编辑/丁俊玲

E-mail:563102683@qq.com

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