语法填空十大典型错误剖析

河南 马国民

语法填空十大典型错误剖析

河南 马国民

作为全国卷的必考题型，语法填空的命题具有一定的规律性，答题具有一定的技巧性。如果考生在答题时对知识掌握不佳或判断失误，则非常容易误填答案，从而导致失分。

一、动词时态混用

动词时态是中学英语重要的语法项目之一，也是高考语法填空试题的必考点之一。对于这方面的考查，空后给出了动词原形作为提示词。如果对此掌握不佳或答题时没有分析好题干语境，就容易对时态判断失误，从而误填答案。答题时，需要结合各种时态的含义、短文的具体语境、题干中的标志状语等，仔细分析题干，这样才能确定空格处应使用的时态种类。

【考例1】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ）Yangshuo 67 （be）really beautiful. A study of travellers conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

【易错剖析】is。审题时粗心大意，受到“conducted”的影响，忽略了具体语境，容易误填was。分析题干可知，空格处描述的是现在的一个客观事实，故应用一般现在时。

【考例2】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ）It was raining lightly when I 61 （arrive）in Yangshuo just before dawn.

【易错剖析】arrived。受到空后“before”的干扰，容易误填过去完成时态。在题干中，空格处作为从句的谓语动词，是过去发生的动作，故应用一般过去时。

二、动词语态混用

动词语态也是语法填空试题的高频考点之一，如果答题时忽略了主语是动作的承受者，就会误填答案。因此，在分析题干时，一方面要判断好空格处应用哪一种动词时态，另一方面还需要判断主语是动作的执行者还是承受者。一旦确定主语是动作的承受者，那么空格处就应用被动语态形式。

【考例1】（2015·广东卷）He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what 19 （leave）.

【易错剖析】was left。只注意了语境，忽略了主语是动作的承受者，容易误填left。what与空格之间是被动关系，结合语境可知，空格处应用一般过去时的被动语态。

【考例2】（甘肃省重点中学协作体2016届高三联考）Industry observers are predicting total sales of over 20 million vehicles this year；by comparison，a little more than 15 million vehicles 44 （expect）to be sold in the United States.

【易错剖析】are expected。忽略了主语和谓语之间的被动关系，容易误填expect。主语“a little more than 15 million vehicles”是动作的承受者，结合语境可知，空格处应用一般现在时的被动语态。

三、动词时态与非谓语动词混用

当空格后的提示词是动词，且空格处在句中作谓语时，涉及的考点是动词时态，而空格处不在句中作谓语时，涉及的考点才可能是非谓语动词。如果没有分析好空格处在句中的具体作用，那么就容易对考点判断失误，从而造成失分。因此在答题时需要擦亮眼睛，仔细推敲空格处在句中所作的成分，然后再结合动词时态或非谓语动词方面的知识进一步敲定答案。

【考例1】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ）The adobe dwellings（土坯房） 61 （build）by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

【易错剖析】built。容易误认为空格处是谓语动词，从而按照动词时态去分析答案，导致失分。分析题干可知，空格处作“The adobe dwellings”的后置定语，且表示被动完成。故应填过去分词。

【考例2】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ）This cycle 68 （go）day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset（抵消）for the outside temperatures.

【易错剖析】goes。受到空格后内容的影响，容易误认为空格处是非谓语动词，从而误填答案。在题干中，空格处作谓语，由此结合空后的时态和语境可知，空格处应用一般现在时。

四、非谓语动词混用

作为语法填空题的必考点，非谓语动词方面的考查涉及动名词、不定式、现在分词和过去分词四个方面。如果对这方面的知识掌握比较薄弱，分析空格处的作用时就会模棱两可，容易做出错误的判断。一方面要扎实掌握好非谓语动词的相关用法，例如动名词作主语、宾语、表语和定语，不定式作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语，现在分词和过去分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语和表语，另一方面还要把非谓语动词的知识与题干紧密结合起来。

【考例1】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅰ）A study of travellers 68 （conduct）by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

【易错剖析】conducted。对非谓语动词的用法掌握不佳，容易误填答案。空格处作“A study of travellers”的后置定语，且表示被动，由此结合语境可知，空格处应填过去分词。

【考例2】（2014·上海卷）In 2010，it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed， 39 （urge）the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or setup new communities stores.

【易错剖析】urging。对空格处在句中的作用辨别不清，从而误填答案。逗号后为非谓语动词短语作结果状语，且表示正常的结果，空格处与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，故填urging。

五、三大从句混用

语法填空针对复合句的考查，属于纯空格题，涉及名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三方面。名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；定语从句包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句；状语从句包括让步状语从句、时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句等共九种。如果答题时没有判断好题干考查的是哪一种从句，那么就容易误填从句的引导词。在答题时，需要结合句子成分和句子结构等方面的知识，仔细推敲题干，先确定题干考查的是哪一种从句，然后再结合该从句的用法、空格处的作用和题干语境等来敲定引导词的使用。

【考例1】（2015·湖南卷）Research has become both simpler and more complex. It’s simpler because， 48 you have a computer，you can find information you need by searching the Internet.

【易错剖析】if。考查状语从句。容易误认为“ 48 you have a computer”是定语从句，从而误填答案。分析题干可知，在because引导的状语从句中含有一个条件状语从句，再结合语境可知，if符合题意。

【考例2】（2015·上海卷）He’s so addicted to it that he just can’t stand the idea 34 there may be an important text.

【易错剖析】that。考查同位语从句。容易误认为“idea”后面是状语从句，从而造成失分。idea之后为同位语从句，从句中不缺少成分，且句意完整，故用that作为引导词。

【考例3】（2014·广东卷）The next day，my brother and I went to the beach 24 we watched some people play volleyball.

【易错剖析】where。考查定语从句。对句子结构分析不当，容易误认为考查的是状语从句。在题干中，名词“beach”为定语从句的先行词，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故应填关系副词where。

六、从句与并列句混用

从句包括名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语和状语，需要依附主句而存在，不可独立使用，而并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句构成，并使用and，but，or等并列连词来连接。从句涉及的是引导词的考查，而并列句涉及的是并列连词的考查。如果对于题干所在的句子结构分析不当，则容易把从句与并列句混为一谈，从而误填答案。答题时，需要依据从句和并列句的用法，并结合句子成分的相关知识，从整体上分析、推敲题干，判断题干考查的是从句还是并列句，然后再对答案进行分析。

【考例1】（云南省玉溪一中2015届高三月考）But our government allows college graduates to borrow money from banks 66 maybe some can get money from their parents.

【易错剖析】and。考查并列连词。容易误认为“banks”是先行词，考查的是定语从句，以致误填答案。在题干中，空格前后是两个并列句，由此结合语境可知，并列连词and符合题意。

【考例2】（2015·广东卷）One day，the cow was eating grass 20 it began to rain heavily.

【易错剖析】when。考查状语从句。对题干的句子结构分析不到位，容易误认为这是一个并列句，从而误填并列连词。此处为状语从句的常用句式“主语+ be doing sth. + when+其他”，意为“正在做某事，正在那时……”。

七、冠词混用

涉及冠词的考查属于纯空格题，考查内容包括定冠词的用法和不定冠词的用法。对于两种冠词的用法掌握不佳或对题干分析不当均可导致误填答案。对此，一方面，考生在备考时需要熟练掌握定冠词和不定冠词的用法，另一方面，答题时需要学以致用，结合两种冠词的用法对题干仔细分析，确定空格处在句中的具体作用，找准答题的突破口，这样才能提高答题的准确率。

【考例1】（2015·广东卷）Mr. Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned 16 farm，which looked almost abandoned.

【易错剖析】a。容易误认为空格处表示特指，从而误填定冠词。名词“farm”在句中表示泛指，故填不定冠词。

【考例2】（2014·广东卷）She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23 top floor.

【易错剖析】the。容易误认为空格处在句中表示泛指，误填不定冠词。在题干中，介词on之后特指的是顶层，故应填定冠词the。

八、介词混用

对介词的考查是纯空格题常见的一种考查形式，包括at，for，on等某一介词的具体用法及介词在短语中的应用。如果对介词的用法及相关的常用短语掌握不佳或没有分析好空格处在句中的作用，那么误填答案在所难免。因此对于at，in，on，for，by，with等常用介词的用法及有关介词的常用短语，考生需要做到熟练掌握，灵活运用。在分析题干时，需要确定空格处考查的是介词的用法还是与介词相关的短语，在此基础上再对答案进行推敲。

【考例1】（2015·广东卷）He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby 18 other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.

【易错剖析】for。没有看出来空格处与空格前的动词“exchanged”构成的是短语，从而误填答案。此处为动词短语“exchange...for”，意为“把……换成，用……交换”，故填介词for。

【考例2】（2014·上海卷）Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops，but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution 40 these villages without a local shop.

【易错剖析】to。容易误填介词in或其他介词，原因是没有与空格前的动词联系起来。根据动词短语“offer sth. to sb.”可知，空格处应填介词to。

九、代词混用

针对代词的考查，有的在空后给出了提示词，而有的则属于纯空格题，考点主要包括人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词等。答题时，未确定空格处是否属于替代作用、未判断好空格处指代的是什么或疏于分析空格处所作的成分，都容易导致误填答案。为了避免这方面的失误，答题时需要判断空格处是否属于替代作用，分析空格处所作的句子成分，并结合代词的具体用法填出正确的答案。

【考例1】（2014·广东卷）Last year，my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said 16 was a wonderful holiday destination.

【易错剖析】it。对空格处的作用判断不清，容易误填that或其他代词。分析题干可知，空格处作主语，用于指代名词“Miami”，故应填人称代词it。

【考例2】（2011·广东卷）He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home. I’m glad I made a choice. It made 25 of us feel good.

【易错剖析】both。容易误填all或其他代词，原因是未确定空格处的作用。根据语境“这使我们两个都感觉良好”可知，both与题意相符（both用于指代空前的两个人）。

十、拼写错误

考生在答题时，虽然能准确判断空格处所考查的考点，也知道应该填写哪方面的单词，但是对于单词的拼写如果难以写出正确的形式，那么也会造成失分。备考时，在熟练掌握考纲单词拼写的基础上，还需要掌握好构词法、过去式的构成方式、现在分词和过去分词的构成方式、比较级和最高级的构成方式等，尤其是要重点掌握特殊单词的过去式、过去分词、比较级、最高级的正确拼写形式。答题时，书写的单词要做到工整、清晰，避免书写潦草、乱涂乱改，并且还要注意空格处如在句首时，单词的首字母需要大写。

【考例1】（2014·上海卷）The machine 34 （equip）with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a minishop with a brick front，a grey roof and a display window.

【易错剖析】is equipped。对于equip的过去分词的拼写形式掌握不佳，容易误填is equiped。主语是动作的承受者，结合空格后的语境可知，空格处应用一般现在时的被动语态，故填is equipped。

【考例2】（2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ）As 69 （nature）architects，the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

【易错剖析】natural。对nature的形容词拼写形式掌握不佳，容易误填答案。空格处在句中作定语，用于修饰名词“architects”，由此结合语境可知，形容词natural符合题意。

【考例3】（2014·广东卷）When we were wondering what to do，the manager came out. She was 22 （surprise）helpful.

【易错剖析】surprisingly。对surprise的副词形式掌握不佳，容易误填答案。空格处作状语，用于修饰形容词“helpful”，故应填surprisingly。

【单句语法跟踪训练】

1. By trying to “put on their shoes”，we try to imagine ourselves in______situation，by seeing things from their point of view，by thinking about how we would want to be treated if we were them.

2. One night，a group of herdsmen（牧民）were about to leave the campsite______there appeared a bunch of bright light.

3. But the dog，after sniffing around for a bit，_____（lie）down and began to complain about how difficult it was to find one bone in such a big field.

4. In the following years，there were fewer drop-outs and more college graduates in my village，_____I am proud of even today.

5. For example，if you take out your new______（fashion）mobile phone，your naughty friends may call you “tuhao”，laughing loudly and happily.

6. This summer，local food manufactures are playing the nostalgia（怀旧）card to attract urban consumers______ their 30s and 40s by branding products with sweet childhood memory.

7. Hopefully，I feel much fortunate to be able to use my life’s talent to teach children and have fun______（do）it every day.

8. We high school students do have some growing pains，but we can get rid of_____correctly and wisely.

9. They spend over 8 hours a day studying at school，some of_____even have to attend extra classes in their spare time.

10. You can imagine how terribly shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes_____（fix）upon me.

11. Remember，next time your little hut is burning to the ground，it just may be______smoke signal from the grace of God.

12. Also，I come to realize that______I can rest well，I will be able to study effectively when I come back to school.

13. Finally，the result______（announce）；it was amazing that our class won the second place.

14. Exhausted，he eventually managed to build a little hut out of driftwood to protect him_____the bad weather，and to store his few possessions.

15. Sometimes parents think it right and natural that they determine_____their children do with their lives.

16. Next day，when he was about to drink wine，he also remembered what he promised to Allah，so he gave up______ idea of drinking wine.

17. When there was no place in the whole field left to dig，the rabbit dug a tunnel right to_____the dog had been lying all the time.

18. The campaign is popular throughout social media and _____（draw）a growing number of celebrities since several months ago，Bill Gates and Lady Gaga included.

19. APEC，______（establish）in 1989，is short for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

20. Tomorrow night，you will be very happy，______ you can also be regretful.

【参考答案】1. their 2. when 3. lay 4. which 5. fashionable 6. in 7. doing 8. them 9. whom 10. fixed 11. a 12. if 13. was announced 14. from或against 15. what 16. the 17. where 18. has drawn 19. established 20. but

（作者单位：河南省安阳市第六十二中学）