太极演绎“非谓语”

太极拳是极富中国传统特色元素的汉族文化形态。太极拳含蓄内敛、连绵不断、以柔克刚、急缓相间、行云流水的拳术风格使习练者的意、气、形、神逐趋于圆融一体的至高境界。每每看到健身者练习太极拳，总是不禁感叹其动作何以如此连绵不断。直至自己亲自学习，才明白太极拳本身确实一套套动作的组合。非谓语的学习，也有异曲同工之妙。分解句子是非谓语的关键。要破解非谓语的用法，笔者认为要先了解何为“谓语”。

一、太极之单式学习

1.“谓语”的定义

谓语（predicate verb）是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”。 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（be动词、行为动词、情态动词、助动词等）构成。

1） Time is money in the bank. 时间是银行里的钱。该句谓语动词为is“是”。

2） Andy has a chance to become famous. Andy 有一次机会可以变出名。该句谓语动词为行为动词has“有”。

3） You can not accept an opinion unless it is based on facts. 除非这个观点基于事实，否则你不能接受这个观点。该句谓语动词为情态动词can not accept。

4） The book didnt give the needed information. 这本书没有给出所需要的信息。该句谓语动词为didnt give。

【牛刀小试】 找出下面句子中的谓语动词

The sunlight is white and blinding.

I got to the office earlier that day.

We saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.

You will regret it sooner or later.

George returned after the war.

Key： is， got， saw， will， returned

2.辨别“非谓语”

在任何一个英语的例句中，其核心是谓语动词。在无任何连词引导的复合句或并列句中，一个句子的谓语动词只有一个。在由N个连词引导的复合句中，其谓语动词有N+1 个。

非谓语定义：是指动词，本来应该在句子中作谓语，但在此之前已经有一个动词或系动词作谓语，该动词便以非谓语形式存在。

1） The sunlight is white and blinding，throwing hardedged shadowed on the ground.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有：is、throwing，且这是一个简单句，句中无连词，故句子中只能有一个谓语动词is，因此throwing 做该句的非谓语成分。

2） I got to the office earlier that day， having caught the 7：30 train from Paris.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有：got、having caught，且这是一个简单句。got 为该句的谓语动词，having caught 为该句的非谓语成分。

3） Time， used correctly， is money in the bank.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有used、is，且这是一个简单句，故used 为该句中的非谓语成分。

4） Basing an important role in a new movie， Andy has a chance to become famous.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有basing、has，且这是一个简单句，has 充当该句的谓语动词，故basing 为非谓语成分。

5） Approaching the city centre， we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有approaching、saw，且这是一个简单句，saw 充当谓语动词，故approaching 做非谓语成分。

6） Basing an important decision more on emotion than on reason，you will regret it sooner or later.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有basing、will regret，且这是一个简单句，will regret 充当谓语动词，故basing 做非谓语成分。

7） George returned after the war，only to find that his wife had left him.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有returned、to find，且这是一个简单句，returned 充当谓语动词，故to find 做非谓语成分。

8） You can not accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.

【解析】 该句表示动作含义的词有can accept、offered、is，且这是由unless 引导的主从复合句，一个连词连接两个句子，所以有两个谓语动词，分别为：can accept、is，所以offered 为非谓语动词。

二、“太极”之打通脉络 口诀辅助

非谓语做题口诀

1. 考虑“主被动”即非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主被动关系；

2.考虑句中非谓语动词动作发生和句中谓语动词动作发生的先后顺序；

3. 紧跟名词之后无having done；

4. 非谓语所具备的时态（doing 表示正在进行，done 表示完成，to do 表示将要做，having done 表示已经做完）；

5. 非谓语动词表结果分为两种：意料之中的结果用doing ，出乎意料的结果用only to do sth.。

例如：

1） an important role in a new movie， Andy has a chance to become famous.

A. OfferB. Offering

C. OfferedD. To offer

【解析】 该句谓语动词为 has a chance，非谓语动词为offer，根据句意 offer 与主语Andy 的关系是 Andy 被提供的关系，故用排除法得出答案C。

2） Time， correctly， is money in the bank.

A. to useB. used

C. usingD. having used

【解析】 该句中先判断谓语动词为is，且为一句话，故use 要用非谓语的形式。use 的逻辑主语是time，时间是被使用的，而A、C、D 皆为主动，故答案选B。

3） The sunlight is white and blinding， hardedged shadowed on the ground.

A. throwingB. being thrown

C. to throwD. to be known

【解析】 判断该句是简单句，谓语动词为is，故第二个 throw 用非谓语，throw 的逻辑主语为the sunlight，且为主动关系故排除B、D。根据句意得出太阳光是边照射边投影，所以排除表示将来的C。

4） You can not accept an opinion to you unless it is based on facts.

A. offeringB. to offer

C. having offeredD. offered

【解析】 判断该句为简单句，其中谓语动词为can accept，故第二个动词offer 为非谓语动词。根据总结3，排除C选项考虑offer的逻辑主语为opinion，且两者之间的关系为被动，故答案为D。

5） George returned after the war， only that his wife had left him.

A. to be toldB. telling

C. being toldD. told

【解析】 根据句意，George 战后回到家，结果却被告知他的妻子已经离开了他。可知该结果出乎意料之外，故用only to do。而且George 与tell 直接是被动关系，故答案选A。

6） all my letters， I had a drink and went out.

A. FinishedB. Having finished

C. FinishingD. To finish

【解析】 该句为并列句，had、went为谓语动词，故finish要用非谓语。finish与句子主语I直接为主动关系，故排除A。考虑finish与句子谓语had a drink，went out存在先后关系且在他们之前，故答案选B。

巩固练习

1. Sunday， the students are at home.

A. BeingB. To be

C. It isD. It being

2. He hurried to the station， the 9：30 train had already left.

A. to findB. found

C. only to findD. only finding

3. Pressed from his parents and that he wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.

A. realizingB. realized

C. to realizeD. being realized

4. The party will be held in the garden，weather .

A. permittingB. to permit

C. permittedD. permit

5. The witness by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.

A. questionedB. being questioned

C. to be questionedD. having questioned

6. The airport next year will help promote tourism in this area.

A. being completed

B. to be completed

C. completed

D. having been completed

7. We are having a meeting in half an hour. The decision at the meeting will influence the future of our company.

A. to be madeB. being made

C. having been madeD. made

8. He was busy writing a story， only once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

A. to stopB. stopping

C. to have stoppedD. having stopped

9. around the Water Cube， we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.

A. Having shownB. To be shown

C. Having been shownD. To show

10. their hats into the air， the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.

A. To throwB. Thrown

C. ThrowingD. Being thrown

参考答案

1—5 DCAAA6—10 BABCC

（作者：顾彩云，海安县李堡中学）