苏莉军,华绍芳
母代高脂暴露与子代成年期代谢综合征关系动物实验研究进展
苏莉军,华绍芳△
代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)是一组代谢紊乱症候群,病因尚未明确,肥胖、胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、血脂异常和高血压为其核心组成部分,MS与心血管疾病的发生有关,可增加罹患心血管疾病的风险。母代高脂暴露与子代成年期发生MS之间存在一定相关性,生命早期高脂暴露是成年期发生肥胖、IR、血脂异常、高血压等MS表现的高危因素,母代孕前、孕时和哺乳期各种环境的改变会对子代的代谢状态产生影响,并可长久影响子代成年期的健康状况。孕前及孕期的保健需要特殊关注,以减少MS的发生。综述以上问题动物实验研究方面的新进展。
妊娠;孕妇;代谢综合征X;膳食脂肪类
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2016,43:279-281)
代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MS)是一组代谢紊乱症候群,肥胖、胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)、血脂异常和高血压为其核心组成部分,与心血管疾病的发生具有一定相关性。国际糖尿病联盟(international diabetes federation,IDF)关于MS的共识为:以中心型肥胖(由种族特异性的腰围定义)为基础,加上以下任意两个额外因素即可诊断:①三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)≥3.90 mmol/L;②高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(highdensitylipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C):男性≤1.04 mmol/L,女性≤1.30 mmol/L;③血压升高:收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)≥130 mmHg (1mmHg=0.133kPa)或舒张压(diastolicbloodpressure,DBP)≥85 mmHg;④空腹血糖(fast blood glucose,FBG)≥5.55 mmol/L[1]。MS是多种成份异常聚集的病理状态,病因尚未明确,目前认为是多基因和多种环境相互作用的结果,与遗传、免疫等均有密切关系。近年来,越来越多流行病学证据显示,子代成年期发生MS可能与母代高脂暴露有关,本文对此方面的动物实验研究进展进行综述。
关于母代高脂摄入与子代肥胖相关性的动物实验很多,多是通过比较高脂组与正常组子代的体质量得出的推论。然而,对于孕期高脂摄入导致子代出生体质量高的推论尚存争议:有研究显示高脂组子代出生体质量低于正常组[2-5];也有研究显示孕期高脂摄入对子代体质量并无显著影响[6-7],其结论差异是由于影响体质量的相关因素较多,测定体脂含量、瘦素水平等对于评价肥胖可能更有意义。Ashino等[8]研究生命早期不同阶段的高脂暴露对远期健康的影响时,建立了Swiss母鼠孕期及哺乳期全程高脂喂养模型,雄性子代断乳后恢复正常喂养至82日龄,结果显示高脂组子代成年后伴有高瘦素血症,体质量、体脂含量均高于对照组(均P<0.05),高瘦素血症被认为是中枢瘦素抵抗的标志之一,即瘦素在下丘脑弓状核区发挥抑制食欲作用的效果降低,从而引起摄食过量,提示远期发生肥胖的风险增加。Masuyama等[9]喂养ICR小鼠脂含量62%的高脂饲料,发现高脂组所产的子代24周龄(成年后)的空腹血清瘦素水平高于正常组(P<0.01),并且孕期和哺乳期全程高脂组子代成年后的体质量也明显高于正常组(P<0.01)。Desai等[10]从母鼠断奶时开始喂养脂肪供能约60%的高脂饲料直至其子代断奶时结束,发现高脂暴露母鼠的子代从出生后3周起即可发生血浆瘦素水平和体脂肪量增加(均P<0.001)。如上研究显示母代在子代发育的关键期(胎儿期与幼儿期)高脂暴露,可能引发子代瘦素等脂肪细胞因子分泌异常及肥胖表型。
IR是指各种原因使胰岛素作用的靶器官(骨骼肌、肝脏和脂肪)对胰岛素的敏感性下降,导致胰岛素在促进葡萄糖利用和摄取方面的作用减弱,即正常的胰岛素量已不能产生正常的生物效应,为了保持血糖水平在正常范围内,机体需要代偿性地分泌过多胰岛素以产生正常的生物效应,超负荷的胰岛β细胞最终功能衰竭,不能产生足够的胰岛素,易致MS和2型糖尿病(type2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)。大量动物实验证实母体孕期及哺乳期高脂暴露与子代成年期发生IR或胰岛素敏感性下降有关。Ashino等[8]发现母代孕期和哺乳期高脂暴露会导致子代血清胰岛素水平升高(P<0.05),肝脏组织中肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)的活性增强,而TNF-α是介导IR发生的重要节点[11]。Matsubara等[12]研究显示,脂肪细胞肥大与脂质沉积可导致胰岛素致敏性激素的表达和分泌减少,胰岛素脱敏性激素的表达和分泌增加,从而导致IR和肥胖。Murabayashi等[13]发现C57BL/6N母鼠孕期高脂喂养至孕17 d,禁食不禁水12 h,剖腹取胎测定胎鼠血浆血糖、胰岛素水平,高脂组子代均明显高于正常组(P<0.05);高脂组子代皮下脂肪细胞肥大,提示孕期高脂暴露导致子代发生IR的可能性增加。Simar等[14]在整个孕期和哺乳期高脂喂养SD大鼠,母体的过度营养状态导致子代体质量、骨骼肌量和体脂肪量增加(均P<0.05),其子代胰岛素水平显著升高(P<0.05),骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)的表达水平则降低,GLUT4的易位是参与葡萄糖代谢的重要调节因子,母体高脂饮食可能通过下调子代GLUT4水平参与其骨骼肌糖脂代谢紊乱的发生。
生命早期的高脂暴露可使肝脏参与脂代谢调节的一条或几条通路做出适应性反应,这种反应可能持续性改变机体的生理和代谢功能,即使刺激已不复存在,影响却仍然持久存在直至成年期,并导致一些成年期疾病的发生,即生命早期高脂暴露对成年期脂代谢产生了程序化的影响。Ashino等[8]以Swiss母鼠作为孕期和哺乳期高脂喂养模型,子代断乳后正常喂养至82日龄,成年子鼠肝脏内TG含量增加。Grant等[15]建立灵长类动物模型证明生命早期高脂暴露与血浆ω-3脂肪酸降低及肝细胞凋亡有关,通过连续喂养高饱和脂肪酸饲料母代猕猴4年以上,分为全程高脂和孕前高脂两组,前者高脂喂养由孕前4年持续至孕期及哺乳期;后者高脂喂养4年后,于孕前1~3个月起恢复正常饮食,结果发现二者与正常组比较,全程高脂组的猕猴子代血浆总ω-3脂肪酸浓度低于对照组及孕前高脂组(P=0.001),且发现全程高脂组的肝内凋亡细胞数量多于正常组(P<0.05),此外,研究也提示母体孕期和哺乳期高脂暴露对子代产生的危害远大于仅孕前高脂暴露。Suter等[16]也以猕猴造模,孕130 d剖宫产终止妊娠,高脂组子代的血清游离脂肪酸、TG水平高于正常组(均P<0.01)。灵长类动物模型的胚胎、解剖和生理结构与人类极其相似,研究所用饲料的脂肪供能比例也与人类摄入过度脂肪相似,因此这两项研究更有力地证实生命早期高脂暴露不仅影响母体血脂变化,还会编程子代脂质代谢,与成年期血脂异常有关[17]。
越来越多的证据表明,宫内和产后阶段的环境可以“编程”成人期心血管疾病。肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)是参与体内血压稳态的内分泌系统。Guberman等[18]对SD大鼠孕前、孕期及哺乳期持续高脂喂养,发现高脂组子代收缩压和舒张压均明显高于正常组子代(P<0.05),高脂组子代RAS显著上调,证实母代高脂暴露通过激活子代RAS参与血压稳态的调节。Desai等[10]从孕前持续至哺乳期喂养SD大鼠高脂饲料,子代8周龄时测量其收缩压,发现高脂组子代的收缩压高于正常组(P<0.001),且雄性子代的表现更为突出,证实母代长期高脂暴露可影响子代特别是雄性子代成年早期(生后8周)的血压稳态。Rudyk等[19]对SD母鼠孕期和哺乳期持续高脂喂养,发现其成年雄性子代对急性应激以及盐负荷的心血管反应性显著升高(均P<0.05),但不同组间血压基线水平的差异无统计学意义。Masuyama等[9]的研究则显示母代高脂暴露对子代成年早期(12周龄)血压水平无显著影响;但子代成年期(24周龄)收缩压水平则显著升高(P<0.01)。Jackson等[20]于孕前6周即给予SD母鼠高脂高碳水化合物饲料,所产雄性子代生后继续暴露于营养过剩环境,断乳后取材做病理,发现高脂组及正常组子代的血压差异无统计学意义,但高脂组子代有明显的肾组织损伤(肾小球硬化和肾小管纤维化)。Umekawa等[7]以孕前6周及孕期高脂喂养C57BL/6小鼠造模,其子代虽未明显肥胖,但收缩压升高(P<0.05),提示宫内高脂暴露引起的子代高血压并非由肥胖介导,其引发的炎性脂肪因子分泌增多可能参与了高血压的发生。以上研究结果有所差异可能是因为:①动物种类不同;②高脂饲料成分不同;③母代高脂暴露时间不同;④动物性别、年龄、体质量不同;⑤血压测定方法不同。尽管如此,毋庸置疑的是,母代高脂暴露会导致子代成年期高血压的发生,继而出现MS样表型。
综上所述,围产期环境在编程个体的代谢系统过程中是一个至关重要的决定性因素,母代孕前、孕时和哺乳期各种环境的改变会对子代的代谢状态产生影响,并可长久影响子代成年期的健康状况。生命早期高脂暴露是成年期发生肥胖、IR、血脂异常、高血压等MS表现的高危因素,孕前及孕期加强保健,均衡膳食、合理营养,不仅可减少妊娠期糖尿病、高血压等疾病的发生,也可减少子代成年期心血管疾病的发生。
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Animal Research on the Relationship between Mothers′Exposure to High Fat Diet and Offspring′s Metabolic Syndrome in the Adulthood
SU Li-jun,HUA Shao-fang.The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin 300211,China
HUA Shao-fang,E-mail:hsf1974@126.com
Metabolic syndrome(MS)is a group of metabolic disorders of unknown etiology,obesity,insulin resistance (IR),dyslipidemia and hypertension form its core components.MS is related to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and it may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.There is a certain correlation between mothers′exposure to high fat diet and offspring′s MS in the adulthood.Early exposure to high-fat diet could increase the incidence of obesity,IR,dyslipidemia and hypertension in the adulthood,which is high risk factor of MS.Various changes in the environment of progestation,gestation and lactation of mothers will influence the metabolic status of offspring,and can affect the health of offspring for a long time in the adulthood.It′s time to pay attention to mothers′health care before conception and during pregnancy particularly in order to reduce the occurrence of MS.The progress of animal research about the relationship is reviewed.
Pregnancy;Pregnant women;Metabolic syndrome X;Dietary fats
2015-11-26)
[本文编辑 王琳]
天津市卫生局科技基金(2012KZ084)
300211天津医科大学第二医院
华绍芳,E-mail:hsf1974@126.com
△审校者