植物氮素吸收过程研究进展

2016-02-26 02:35陈举林
安徽农业科学 2016年1期

王 平, 陈举林

(1.泰安市农业科学研究院,山东泰安 271000;2.山东农业大学,山东泰安 271000)



植物氮素吸收过程研究进展

王 平1,2, 陈举林1

(1.泰安市农业科学研究院,山东泰安 271000;2.山东农业大学,山东泰安 271000)

氮素是植物生长需要的重要元素之一,是蛋白质、核酸、磷脂等植物生长发育所必需物质的组成成分,是植物需求量最大的营养元素。氮在植物生命活动中占有重要的地位,因而具有“生命的元素”之称[1]。1994年美国著名植物遗传育种家、诺贝尔和平奖获得者Borlang博士断言,全世界作物产量增加的50%来自化肥的施用,其中氮肥占1/2以上。

1植物生长对氮素的需求

氮的需求就是植物从土壤中吸收氮,用于满足植物生长和同化合成新组织所需求的氮量。氮需求主要受植株地上部生物量的调节。植物地上部的生物量大,长势高,不断产生新的组织,对氮的需求大[7]。地上部生长作为一个库,它的大小决定了植物需吸收多少氮素以满足生长[8]。

氮素吸收由植物生长的氮素需求决定。当氮素供应不限制植物生长时,植物地上部的生长在整株水平上决定氮的吸收。作物对氮的需求通过植物氮浓度体现,氮浓度在最大氮浓度(植物本身所能累积的最大氮量)和最小氮浓度(当低于此值时植物不能存活)之间变化。氮的浓度受地上部生物量的影响。地上部全氮浓度和生物量之间存在稀释效应,即地上部生物量的增加,氮浓度下降,造成由于生长产生的氮需求。地上部的旺盛生长又通过反馈作用促进根系对氮素的吸收[9-10]。植物根系吸收的矿质养分在植物体内可以不断循环和再循环。

2植物生长对氮素的吸收

植株根系的建成既受基因的控制,又有很大的可塑性,即根系发育不仅受外界环境因素的影响,而且受植株本身生理状况的调节。也就是说,植株对氮素的吸收过程既受基因的控制,又受到外界环境因素的影响。

3植物氮素吸收过程的影响因素

3.2激素对氮素吸收过程的调控激素对小麦根系吸收氮素具有调控作用,主要有细胞分裂素、生长素、脱落酸等。生长素通过韧皮部从地上部向根中的运输影响侧根的发生。外源生长素对侧根的发生有促进作用[39]。细胞分裂素和脱落酸在一定程度上降低根系的生长[40];赤霉素没有显著影响;乙烯则通过调节生长素的代谢而起一定的作用。

4展望

植物氮素吸收能力的高低直接影响其生长状态,对植物的生长发育具有重要的影响。植物对氮素的吸收既受到基因型的影响,又受到环境条件的调控。因此,下一步应加强对氮素吸收效率基因型的选育,优化种植环境,提高植物对氮素的吸收利用。

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摘要氮是植株生长发育所需求的第一大矿质营养元素,主要通过根系从土壤吸收获得。因此,了解植物吸收氮素的过程及影响因素对明确氮素吸收机理,提高氮素吸收利用,促进植物生长具有重要意义。土壤中的氮素主要以无机态氮)和小分子有机态氮的形式存在,其中植物所能吸收利用的主要是态氮素。该研究介绍了植物对氮素的需求吸收过程及其影响因素的研究进展。这对认识氮素吸收机理、提高氮素吸收效率具有重要的意义。

关键词氮素需求;氮素吸收;硝态氮

Research Progress on Nitrogen Absorption in Plant

WANG Ping1,2,CHEN Ju-lin1(1.Tai’an Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Tai’an,Shandong 271000; 2.Shandong Agricultural University,Tai’an,Shandong 271000)

AbstractNitrogen is the first mineral nutrient element in plant growth and development,and plants uptake nitrogen from soil through root.Therefore,it is important to understand the process and the influencing factors of plant absorption of nitrogen,which can improve the absorption of nitrogen and promote plants growth.The nitrogen in soil mainly exists in the form of inorganic nitrogen) and small molecule organic nitrogen,in which the plant can absorb and utilize thestate nitrogen.The research progress of plants’ requirement onabsorption process and its influencing factors were introduced,which has important significance for understanding the mechanism of nitrogen absorption and improving nitrogen absorption efficiency.

Key wordsNitrogen demand; Nitrogen absorption; Nitrate nitrogen

收稿日期2015-12-04

作者简介王平(1981- ),男,山东莱芜人,高级农艺师,博士,从事玉米高产栽培及遗传育种方面的研究。

基金项目山东省自然基金项目(ZR2013CQ001);山东农业大学作物生物学国家重点实验室开放性基金项目(2013KF14);山东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(SDAIT-01-022-03);山东省农科院院地科技合作引导计划项目(2015YDHZ07);泰安市农业良种工程项目(2015LZ07)。

中图分类号S 501

文献标识码A

文章编号0517-6611(2016)01-033-03