·论著·
IgG4相关胆胰疾病九例临床分析
姚仁玲徐桂芳吕瑛于成功邹晓平
【摘要】目的分析IgG4相关胆胰疾病患者的临床特征,提高对此类疾病的认识。方法回顾性分析9例IgG4相关胰腺炎及胆管炎患者的临床表现,血清学、影像学、病理学检查结果,治疗及预后情况。结果9例患者中男性8例,女性1例,年龄40~78岁,平均61岁。4例临床表现为黄疸,2例为黄疸及腹痛,2例为腹痛,1例表现为糖尿病。6例血清IgG4为3.46~21.3 g/L,平均9.743 g/L,均高于正常值;3例未查血清IgG4。9例患者血清19项自身抗体均阴性,4例CA19-9 升高。5例CT表现为胰腺低密度占位,其中2例合并胆管扩张;1例CT表现为胰腺肿胀伴胆管扩张;2例单纯胆管扩张;1例CT无阳性发现。4例行EUS-FNA检查,EUS下主要表现为低回声病变,胰周均未见肿大淋巴结。FNA病理检查结果提示2例为IgG4相关慢性炎症,2例为IgG4阴性的慢性炎症。7例确诊为IgG4相关胰腺炎,2例为IgG4相关胆管炎。6例行激素治疗,强的松8~40 mg/d;3例手术治疗,术后病理检查均见IgG4阳性浆细胞。出院后随访复查血清IgG4均恢复正常,临床症状也明显改善,胰腺占位不同程度缩小。结论IgG4相关胰腺炎及胆管炎是以IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润为主要表现的自身免疫性疾病,诊断需结合影像学、血清学、病理学等检查,糖皮质激素治疗有效。
【关键词】胰腺炎;自身免疫疾病;IgG4胆管炎;激素治疗
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2015.02.007
收稿日期:(2014-09-01)
Clinical analysis of 9 cases of IgG4-associated biliary and pancreatic diseasesYaoRenling,XuGuifang,LyuYing,YuChenggong,ZouXiaoping.DepartmentofGastroenterology,DrumTowerHospital,NanjingUniversityMedicalSchool,Nanjing210008,China
Correspondingauthor:ZouXiaoping,Email: 13770771661@163.com
Abstract【〗ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical features of patients with IgG4-associated biliary and pancreatic diseases, and to improve the understanding of these diseases. MethodsNine cases of patients with IgG4-associated pancreatitis and cholangitis were analyzed retrospectively, which included clinical manifestations, serological examination, imaging test, pathology, treatment and prognosis. ResultsOf the 9 patients, 8 were male, 1 was female, the average age was 61 years old. Four cases were presented with jaundice, 2 cases with jaundice and abdominal pain, 2 cases with abdominal pain, and 1 case with diabetes. Serum IgG4 levels were 3.46-21.3 g/L (mean 9.743 g/L) in 6 cases, and which were higher than normal value, 3 patients did not undergo blood test of IgG4. Nineteen auto-antibodies (including ANCA) were all negative in 9 cases. CA19-9 was increased in 4 cases. CT manifestations showed 5 cases with low density pancreas mass (2 cases with biliary tract dilatation); 1 case had pancreas swelling with dilatation of bile duct, and 2 cases with bile duct dilatation only, and CT findings in 1 case were negative. Four patients underwent EUS-FNA, and EUS features included hypoechoic lesions without peripancreatic lymph nodes. FNA results indicated 2 cases with IgG4 related chronic inflammation, 2 cases with chronic inflammation with negative IgG4. Seven cases were confirmed to have IgG4 related pancreatitis, and 2 cases with IgG4 related cholangitis. Six patients received glucocorticoid treatment, and the dose ranged from 8-40 mg; 3 patients underwent surgery and the surgical pathology indicated IgG4 positive plasma cell. Follow-up showed the serum IgG4 returned to normal, clinical symptoms improved remarkably, and pancreatic mass decreased. ConclusionsIgG4 positive
作者单位:210008江苏南京,南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院消化内科
通信作者:邹晓平,Email:13770771661@163.com
plasma cell infiltration is the main feature of IgG4-associated cholangitis and pancreatitis. The diagnosis should combine image, serology with pathology. Glucocorticoid is an effective treatment.
【Key words】Pancreatitis;Autoimmune diseases;IgG4 cholangitis;Hormone therapy
近年来随着医务人员诊断水平的提高,IgG4相关的自身免疫性胆胰疾病逐渐被人们所认识。它在胰腺的主要表现为胰腺肿胀或胰腺占位,在胆管系统的主要表现为胆管狭窄[1]。若对此认识不够,极易将它误诊为恶性疾病。本研究旨在分析IgG4相关的自身免疫性胆胰疾病的临床表现,以期提高对本病的认识。
一、病例资料
选取2010年1月至2014年12月间南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院临床或病理诊断为IgG4相关的胰腺炎及胆管炎患者,共9例。诊断采用日本学界联合发表的IgG4-RD的综合分类标准[2]。(1)一个或多个器官出现弥漫性或局限性肿胀或肿块的临床表现;(2)血清IgG4浓度≥1 350 mg/L;(3)组织病理学检查见显著的淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润和纤维化或IgG4阳性浆细胞浸润,即IgG4阳性/IgG阳性细胞>40%,每个高倍镜视野内IgG4阳性浆细胞>10个。3项均阳性确定诊断;1、3项阳性很可能诊断;1、2项阳性可能诊断。
二、方法
记录患者的性别、年龄、临床表现、实验室检查结果(自身抗体、血糖、红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白、CA19-9、IgG4)、CT检查结果、EUS-FNA或手术标本的病理检查结果、激素治疗及疗效。出院后采用电话方式对患者进行随访,随访截止日期为2014年6月30日,最长随访19个月。EUS-FNA具体操作为应用日本Olympus公司的内镜进入十二指肠降部,连接超声探头(Olympus公司UMG20-29R),定位病变组织,确定穿刺深度,采用22 G穿刺针避开血管刺入病灶,以10~20 ml负压反复抽吸,将获取的组织条用甲醛固定,细胞标本经涂片后送病理科检查。组织标本采用常规免疫组化方法检测IgG4表达,抗IgG4抗体购自中杉公司。
一、一般情况
9例患者中男性8例,女性1例,年龄40~78岁,平均61岁。4例表现为黄疸,2例表现为黄疸及腹痛,2例表现为腹痛,1例表现为糖尿病。9例均未并发其他免疫疾病。7例患者为胰腺病变,2例为胆管病变。
二、实验室检查
6例胰腺病变患者检测血清IgG4水平,为3.46~21.3 g/L,平均9.743 g/L,均高于正常值;9例患者抗核抗体HEP2、ENA抗核小体抗体等常规15项自身抗体及与中核粒细胞相关的4项ANCA抗体均为阴性;9例患者检测CA19-9,4例增高,其中1例为355.8 U/L,1例高达1 250 U/L,2例轻度升高;9例患者检测血糖,6例高血糖;7例患者检测红细胞沉降率,2例增快;8例检查C反应蛋白,4例升高。
三、影像学表现
6例在本院行CT检查。4例CT表现为胰腺低密度占位(图1),3例位于胰头,1例位于胰尾,其中2例合并胆管扩张。1例表现为胰腺弥漫肿胀伴胆管扩张,1例CT检查无阳性发现。3例就诊前在外院行CT检查,2例CT表现为胆管扩张,1例表现为胰腺占位。
图1 胰腺占位患者的CT征象
四、EUS-FNA检查
6例非手术治疗患者中(均为胰腺病变)4例行EUS-FNA检查。EUS下主要表现为低回声病变,胰周均未见肿大淋巴结。FNA的病理检查结果提示2例为IgG4相关慢性炎症,2例为慢性炎症,IgG4阴性。
五、治疗及预后
6例采用非手术治疗,以强的松治疗为主,剂量8~40 mg不等。1例口服美卓乐8 mg 1次/d,至随访时减至4 mg 1次/d维持;1例口服美卓乐24 mg1次/d,至随访时减至8 mg 1次/d维持;1例服用泼尼松30 mg 1次/d,至随访时减至10 mg 1次/d维持;1例服用强的松30 mg 1次/d,1个月后停药;1例服用强的松40 mg 1次/d ,至随访时减至10 mg 1次/d维持;1例服用强的松25 mg 2次/d,至随访时减至5 mg 1次/d。3例外院CT检查可疑恶性肿瘤转入我院者均行手术治疗。1例胰腺占位患者行胰、十二指肠切除术,2例怀疑胆管癌患者行胆道切除+胆道重建术。术后病理结果显示1例为自身免疫性胰腺炎(图2),2例为IgG4相关胆管炎(图3)。
图2 胰腺组织病理改变(免疫组化 ×200)
图3 胆管组织病理改变(免疫组化 ×200)
9例均获得随访。出院后6个月内复查血清IgG4水平,均恢复正常,临床症状也明显改善。复查CT ,胰腺肿胀减轻1例,胰腺占位不同程度缩小4例。
IgG4相关疾病主要以血清IgG4水平升高及组织浸润而影响器官功能为主要表现的疾病,可累及多个器官如胰腺、胆管、唾液腺、肺等。因其与自身免疫机制有关,故划入自身免疫性疾病范畴。IgG4累及胰腺称为自身免疫性胰腺炎(autoimmune pancreatitis, AIP)。Hamano等[3]首次提出IgG4与AIP有关。IgG4相关AIP临床表现多样,如黄疸、腹痛、血糖异常等,其发病机制是由自身免疫所介导,以淋巴细胞、浆细胞(分泌IgG4)浸润伴有胰腺纤维化及功能障碍为特征。日本的一项研究报道其发病率在5%~6%,男性居多[4]。我国尚无流行病学证据。因其主要症状、表现不具有特异性,故明确诊断需要结合其他辅助检查结果。
血清或组织中IgG4增高为诊断AIP的重要标准之一,敏感度为67%~94%,特异度为89%~100%[5-6]。本组7例累及胰腺的患者中6例血清IgG4增高,结合影像学检查及部分患者的FNA病理结果诊断为AIP。其中3例因确诊为AIP而避免了手术治疗。1例AIP患者因合并梗阻性黄疸,CT表现为胰腺占位,增强后呈低强化,血清CA19-9轻度增高,临床高度怀疑恶性可能,未查血清IgG4水平而直接行外科手术治疗,术后病理示IgG4相关慢性炎症。这一结果提示,若在胰周未见明确的淋巴结肿大,穿刺活检病理提示炎性改变时,选择手术治疗需慎重。此类炎性疾病易被误诊的原因:(1)AIP往往起病隐匿,无痛性梗阻性黄疸最为多见,可伴上腹痛,与胰腺癌临床表现相似;(2)AIP患者常可合并腹膜后纤维化、浆膜腔积液等征象,更易被误诊为胰腺癌;(3)AIP患者大多为中老年患者,且部分患者伴肿瘤标志物如CAl9-9、CEA升高而易倾向于肿瘤的诊断;(4)AIP患者影像学检查可表现为胰腺弥漫性低回声肿大或局限性肿大等类似胰腺癌的特征,且可有肝外胆管的扩张,易与胰腺癌相混淆;(5)AIP发病率较低,临床医师对该病认识不足[7]。
AIP患者血清CA19-9水平可升高[8]。本组7例AIP患者中有4例血清CA19-9升高,最高达1 250 U/L,故CA19-9在AIP 与胰腺癌的鉴别中并无特异性,仅在良恶性疾病鉴别中可供参考。血清IgG4水平升高也不能单纯地认为是良性病变,因5%健康人,10%胰管癌、胆囊癌患者的血清IgG4水平也可升高,但升高水平一般不超过正常值的2倍。若血清IgG4水平高于当地人群lgG4正常值上限的2倍,那么确定良性病变的可能性则在99%以上[9]。
IgG4相关胆管炎的临床表现主要为炎症累及胆管,导致胆管狭窄、阻塞性黄疸。目前对本病的报道不多,认识较少,易与恶性疾病混淆。Gonzalez等[10]报道1例IgG4相关胆管炎,其影像学及胆道镜下征象与胆管癌的较相似。Ghazale等[11]回顾性分析了53例IgG4相关胆管炎资料,其中18例高度怀疑恶性病变而行手术治疗,30例行激素治疗。激素治疗的30例中29例对激素敏感,其中18例胆管狭窄及肝脏酶学检查完全恢复正常。手术组和激素组的复发率差异无统计学意义。本组2例累及胆管的患者,术前也高度怀疑恶性可能,其中1例的薄层CT见肝门部胆管不规则增厚、狭窄伴肝内胆管扩张,肝门部见肿大淋巴结,肝脏多发低密度灶,提示转移可能,行手术治疗,术后病理证实为IgG4相关胆管炎。
总之,明确诊断IgG4相关性胆胰疾病单靠影像学检查,即使是薄层CT也会导致误诊,影像学检查联合血IgG4水平是鉴别胰腺炎及胰腺癌的主要指标[12]。
目前,针对IgG4相关的自身免疫疾病激素治疗的糖皮质激素起始治疗量为0.6 mg·kg-1·d-1,1个月后减至维持量,症状缓解后服用5~10 mg/d至少半年,防止复发[13]。Ⅰ型IgG4相关AIP更容易在停用激素后复发,此时可加用免疫抑制剂如硫唑嘌呤[14]。当单用激素或联合免疫抑制剂耐药时,利妥昔单抗、抗CD20抗体是更好的选择[15-16]。利妥昔单抗不仅可用于治疗AIP,对IgG4相关疾病也有很好的疗效[17]。对于已行手术治疗的患者是否需要激素治疗尚无定论,有研究报道术后无需服用激素,除非有证据复发或是未切除干净[18]。本研究中1例胰腺病变患者术后未服用激素,2例胆管病变患者术后1例服用激素,1例只服用硫酸羟氯喹。
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