B.Pekmenand M.Tezer-Sezgin
DRBEM Solution of MHD Flow with Magnetic Induction and Heat Transfer
B.Pekmen1,2and M.Tezer-Sezgin2,3
This study proposes the dual reciprocity boundary element(DRBEM)solution for full magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)equations in a lid-driven square cavity.MHD equations are coupled with the heat transfer equation by means of the Boussinesq approximation.Induced magnetic field is also taken into consideration.The governing equations in terms of stream function,temperature,induced magnetic field components,and vorticity are solved employing DRBEM in space together with the implicit backward Euler formula for the time derivatives.The use of DRBEM with linear boundary elements which is a boundary discretization method enables one to obtain small sized linear systems.This makes the whole procedure computationally ef ficient and cheap.The results are depicted with respect to varying physical parameters such as Prandtl(0.005≤Pr≤1),Reynolds(100≤Re≤2500),magnetic Reynolds(1≤Rem≤100),Hartmann(10≤Ha≤100)and Rayleigh(10≤Ra≤106)numbers for discussing the effect of each parameter on the flow and temperature behaviors of the fluid.It is found that an increase inHaslows down the fluid motion and heat transfer becomes conductive.Centered square blockage causes secondary flows on its left and right even for smallRe.Strong temperature gradients occur around the blockage and near the moving lid for increasing values ofRa.
MHD,convection,DRBEM,heat transfer
MHD is a branch of science dealing with the interaction between electromagnetic fields and conducting fluids.It has many applications such as design of cooling systems in nuclear reactors,electromagnetic pumps,MHD generators,etc.MHD flows with buoyancy is also arisen in magnetic field control of nuclear engineeringthermo-hydraulics processes,MHD energy systems,and magneto-plasma dynamics.
Analytically,an exact solution for the hydromagnetic natural convection boundary layer flow is presented past an in finite vertical flat plate in the presence of magnetic field including magnetic induction effects by Ghosh,Bég,and Zueco(2010).Numerical modeling is usually carried on incompressible MHD flows to reduce the complexity of physical problem.In order to simulate the 2D incompressible MHD flow,Peaceman and Rachford alternating-direction implicit(ADI)scheme is performed at low magnetic Reynolds number by Navarro,Cabezas-Gómez,Silva,and Montagnoli(2007).In their study,the solution is obtained in terms of stream function-vorticity-electric current density and magnetic potential.Finite element method(FEM)with some new stabilization techniques is used for solving incompressible MHD equations in Aydin,Neslitürk,and Tezer-Sezgin(2010);Codina and Silva(2006);Gerbeau(2000).The flow of liquid metals in strong magnetic field is analyzed by Sterl(1990).Time integration algorithms which are longterm dissipative and unconditionally stable are examined by Armero and Simo(1996),and they applied the Galerkin mixed FEM to the incompressible MHD equations.Bozkaya and Tezer-Sezgin(2011)have taken into account the current density formulation,and used DRBEM to solve the full MHD problem.Kang and Keyes(2008)compares the two different formulations using FEM with an implicit time integration scheme for incompressible MHD problem in terms of stream function,and a hybrid approach using velocity and magnetic fields to satisfy the divergence-free conditions.FEM is also used for solving 3D MHD flows by Salah,Soulaimani,and Habashi(2001),and with a stabilization technique in Salah,Soulaimani,Habashi,and Fortin(1999).Pekmen and Tezer-Sezgin(2013)applied the DRBEM to solve the incompressible MHD flow in a lid-driven cavity,and in a channel with a square cylinder.A steady,laminar,incompressible,viscous flow of an electrically conducting liquid-metal fluid chosen as Gallium-Indium-Tin under the effect of a transverse magnetic field is also investigated in a circular pipe by Gedik,Kurt,and Recebli(2013)using a commercial software.
MHD flow with heat transfer is also an important problem from the physical point of view.Lima and Rêgo(2013)used the generalized integral transform technique(GITT)to solve a MHD channel flow with heat transfer in the entrance region.Alchaar,Vasseur,and Bilgen(1995)presented the combination of a second order finite difference method and ADI method for solving MHD free convection in a shallow cavity heated from below.Al-Najem,Khanafer,and El-Refaee(1998)also studied the laminar natural convection under the effect of an applied magnetic field employing ADI method.In a linearly heated lid-driven cavity,Al-Salem,Oztop,Pop,and Varol(2012)investigated the importance of the moving lid direc-tion on MHD mixed convection using finite volume method(FVM).They found that heat is transferred much more in the+x-direction than the−x-direction for both forced and mixed convection cases.Colaço,Dulikravich,and Orlande(2009)carried out the radial basis function(RBF)approximation for solving the stream function(fourth order)-temperature form of the governing equations of MHD thermal buoyancy flow.It is found that RBF method gives good accuracy with small number of computational grids which makes the procedure computationally cheap.Liquid metal free convection under the in fluence of a magnetic field in a heated cubic enclosure is solved by a finite volume method(FVM)in Ciofalo and Cricchio(2002).Sentürk,Tessarotto,and Aslan(2009)presented a Lax-Wendroff type matrix distribution scheme combining a dual-time stepping technique with multistage Runge-Kutta algorithm to solve the steady/unsteady magnetized/neutral convection problems with the effect of heat transfer.Liquid metal flow in a channel is subjected to external and internal electric and magnetic fields.Abbassi and Nasrallah(2007)investigated the MHD flow with heat transfer in a backward-facing step using a modi fied control volume FEM using standard staggered grid.The SIMPLER algorithm has been used in terms of velocity-pressure unknowns,and ADI scheme is performed for the time evolution.Mramor,Vertnik,and Sarler(2013)formulated the natural convection flow under a magnetic field neglecting induced magnetic field by meshless local radial basis function collocation method.Mejri,Mahmoud,Abbassi,and Omri(2014)also studied the MHD natural convection performing Lattice Boltzmann method in an enclosure filled with a nano- fluid in which spatially varying sinusoidal temperature boundary conditions on side walls are considered.
The fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics with obstacles inside the cavity are also investigated by some researchers.This con figuration has important industrial applications as in geo-physical systems,and convection in buildings with natural cooling flow.Studies are mostly concentrated on obstacles as a circular cylinder inside the enclosure.Some of the numerical studies are as follows.Kim,Lee,Ha,and Yoon(2008)analyzed the importance of the location of a hot circular cylinder on natural convection in a cold square enclosure filled with air using immersed boundary method(IBM).The same problem is also investigated using the finite volume method by Hussain and Hussein(2010)with a uniformly heated circular cylinder immersed in a square enclosure.Using a commercial code FLUENT,mixed convection in a lid-driven enclosure with a circular body is examined also taking into account the conduction equation inside the cylinder in Oztop,Zhao,and Yu(2009).Adding joule heating and magnetic field effects to the system,Rahman,Alim,and Sarker(2010)have shown the signi ficant effect of the cylinder obstacle on the fluid flow using Galerkin finite element method.The energy equation in the solid region is coupled to momentum and energy equations for the fluid in the cavity.
Some of the numerical schemes for natural and/or mixed convection flows are carried in enclosures containing obstacles of square shape.Ha,Kim,Yoon,Yoon,Lee,Balachandar,and Chun(2002)used the Chebyshev spectral collocation method to observe the natural convection with a square body located at the center of the computational domain for a range of Rayleigh numbers.They have also taken into considerationvaryingthermalboundaryconditionsonthesquarebodyascold,neutral,hot isothermal,and adiabatic body conditions.Bhave,Narasimhan,and Rees(2006)analyzed the optimal square body size and the corresponding maximum heat transfer as a function of Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers.Finite volume method has been used for solving mass,momentum and energy equations inside the enclosure when the square blockage was adiabatic.Laminar mixed convection is studied in a square cavity with a heated square blockage immersed using finite volume method in Islam,Sharif,and Carlson(2012).A CFD code ANSYS FLUENT is used for calculations.
In this study,full MHD equations are investigated first in a unit square cavity,and in a cavity with a heated square blockage located at the center.The fluid inside the cavity is viscous,incompressible and electrically,thermally conducting.An external magnetic field with intensityB0is applied in+y-direction.The induced magnetic field equations which are coupled to stream function,vorticity and energy equations are also solved in the fluid region.Numerical results are obtained by using DRBEM which is a boundary-only discretization numerical method.Unconditionally stable backward implicit Euler scheme is used for time integration.It is found that the increase inHaslows down the fluid velocity and suppresses the heat transfer inside the cavity.Magnetic Reynolds number does not affect the heat transfer much.Furthermore,the presence of a heated square blockage inside a cold wall square enclosure has a strong effect on isotherms,and induced magnetic field lines are perturbed asRaincreases.The square solid blockage at the center causes to develop secondary flows through left and right walls of the cavity even for moderateRe.
The two-dimensional,unsteady,laminar,incompressible MHD flow and the heat transfer in lid-driven cavities are considered.Joule heating,viscous dissipation,displacement current,convection current and Hall effects are neglected.The problem con figurations may be given as in Figures 1(a)and 1(b).The cold wall enclosure containing a heated square blockage located at the center is also examined.
Figure 1:Problem con figurations.
Jagged walls show the adiabatic walls(∂T/∂n=0).No-slip condition is imposed on the walls while the top wall moves with a constant velocityu=1.Thus,the stream function is set to zero on outer boundaries in both con figurations,and it is unknown but a constant on the inner square cylinder(Le-Cao,Mai-Duy,Tran,and Tran-Cong(2011)).This constant value of boundary streamline on the square cylinder is determined considering the streamline values when the square blockage is absent.The vorticity boundary conditions are not known.They are going to be obtained during the solution procedure by using the de finition of vorticity and DRBEM coordinate matrix.ThandTcrepresent hot and cold walls,respectively,andTsis the temperature on the square solid blockage.The externally applied magnetic field with an intensityB0is in+y-direction in both con figurations.Induced magnetic field in the fluid is taken into account due to the electrical conductivity of the fluid,however the blockage is assumed to be non-conducting producing negligible induced magnetic field(Remis assumed to be very small in the blockage).On both cavity and solid blockage wallsx−component of magnetic field is taken as zero,y−component as one since external magnetic field is applied iny−direction.MHDequationsareacombinationofNavier-StokesandMaxwell’sequationsthrough Ohm’s law.In the presence of temperature,the density of the fluid varies according to Boussinesq approximation which is
whereρis the density of the fluid,ρ0is the reference density,Tis the temperature,Tcis the reference temperature,andβis the thermal expansion coef ficient with
Pre-Maxwell form of the equations in MHD may be given as(Davidson(2001))
where B=(Bx,By)is the total magnetic field,µmis the magnetic permeability,J is the current density,E is the electric field,σis the electrical conductivity.
Once the curl of both sides of Eq.(2)and Eq.(4)is taken,using the identity
and∇.B=0,which is the solenoidal nature of magnetic field,the magnetic field relation
is obtained.Substituting Faraday’s law(3)into this relation,the magnetic induction equations may be written as
Continuity and momentum equations for an incompressible and electrically conducting fluid are
where u is the velocity field,νis the kinematic viscosity,Pis the pressure.The last two terms are buoyancy body term and Lorentz force due to the externally applied magnetic field,respectively.
The energy equation which gives the temperature variation of the fluid(heat transfer)is
whereαis the thermal diffusivity of the fluid.
The explicit form of full MHD heat transfer equations in 2-D then,are
Differentiating Eq.(13)with respect tox,and Eq.(12)with respect toy,and subtracting from each other,pressure term is eliminated and vorticity equation is obtained using the continuity condition∇.u=0.Further,stream functionψis used to satisfy continuity equation de finingu=∂ψ/∂y,andv=−∂ψ/∂x.B=(0,B0)is applied on the cavity and blockage walls.
For non-dimensionalization,the following dimensionless variables are de fined
whereLis the characteristic length,U0is the characteristic velocity,B0is the magnitude of the externally applied magnetic field,ΔTis the temperature difference between hot and cold walls.
Dropping the prime notation,the governing non-dimensional equations in terms of stream functionψ,temperatureT,induced magnetic field componentsBx,By,and vorticityware
where the Reynolds numberRe,Prandtl numberPr,magnetic Reynolds numberRem,Rayleigh numberRa,and Hartmann numberHaare de fined as
whereµisthedynamicviscosity.(Bx,By)=(0,1)isthecorrespondingnon-dimensional induced magnetic field boundary conditions on all of the walls.
The dual reciprocity boundary element method treats the equations(17)as Poisson equations assuming the right hand sides as inhomogeneity in each equation.Then,these inhomogeneous terms are approximated by using radial basis functions,usually polynomialsf=1+r+...+rnwhich are related to Laplacian with particular solutionsˆuas∇2ˆu=f.Thus,fundamental solution of Laplace equation is used obtaining boundary integral equations corresponding to each differential equation in(17).
Concerning only the diffusion terms on the left hand side of Eqs.(17),the right hand side terms are approximated by a series of radial basis functionsfjas(Partridge,Brebbia,and Wrobel(1992))
whereϕdenotes eitherψ,T,Bx,Byorw,αj’s are sets of initially unknown coef ficients,Nis the number of boundary nodes,andLis the number of arbitrarily taken interior points.The radial basis functionsfj’s are usually chosen as polynomials of radial distancewhereiandjcorrespond to the source( fixed)and the field(variable)points,respectively.
Multiplyingbothsidesofthisrelation(18)bythefundamentalsolutionof Laplace equation,and then integrating over the domain,a domain integral equation is obtained.With the help of Green’s identities,all the domain integrals are transformed to the boundary integrals as
whereϕagain denotes eitherψ,T,Bx,Byorw,ci=1/2 on the boundary Γ when it is a straight line,andci=1 when the nodeiis inside.∂/∂nindicates the normal derivative.
These boundary integrals are discretized using linear boundary elements which result in matrix-vector equations corresponding to each Eqs.(17)as
whereHandGare BEM matrices containing the boundary integrals ofu∗andq∗=∂u∗/∂nevaluated at the nodes,respectively.The vectorsϕandϕq=∂ϕ/∂nrepresent the known and unknown information at the nodes ofψ,T,Bx,Byorw.ˆUandare constructed fromand thencolumnwise,and are matrices of size(N+L)×(N+L).The vectorαmay be deduced from the Eq.(18)asα=F−1b.Here,Fis the coordinate matrix of size(N+L)×(N+L),and contains radial basis functionsfj’s as columns evaluated atN+Lpoints.bis the vector containing collocated values of the inhomogeneitybin each equation of(17).
The space derivatives in vectorbare employed by using the coordinate matrixFwhile the time derivatives are discretized with Backward-Euler finite difference formula.Thus,the iteration with respect to time forψ,T,Bx,By,andwmay be given asenter into the system as diagonal matrices of size
(N+L)×(N+L),andmshows the iteration step.The resulting systems of equations in the formAx=b,which are obtained by shuf fling the known and unknown information ofψ,T,Bx,By,andwon the boundary,are solved by Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting.
Then,the vorticity transport equation(26)is solved by using these vorticity boundary conditions.The solution process continues in this way until the criterion
issatis fiedwhereϕkstandsforψ,T,Bx,Byandwvaluesattheboundaryandinterior points,respectively,andmindicates the iteration step.
Theradialbasisfunctionf=1+risusedintheconstructionofcoordinatematrixFand,matrices.16−point Gaussian quadrature is made use of for the integrals in the BEM matricesHandG.In general,N=120 boundary elements,L=840 interior points in the‘lid-driven square cavity problem’,andN=208,L=880 in the problem of the‘cavity with a centered square blockage’are used,respectively.
Naturally,oneneedstotakemoreelements(orinteriorpoints)orsmallertimeincrement Δtfor increasing large values of physical parameters.The depicted contours(in Figs.3-7,Figs.9-10,Figs.12-13)from left to right are streamlines,isotherms,vorticity lines,and induced magnetic field vector(Bx,By)at steady-state.
Once the vorticity equation Eq.(26)is solved,in order to accelerate the convergence of vorticity which is rather dif ficult to converge than the other unknowns,a relaxation parameter 0<γ<1 is used asfor large values of parameters in reaction terms.
The presented numerical procedure is validated in terms of both the graphs of the flow and quantitative results on average Nusselt number on the heated wall.For this,the governing equations are solved neglecting the induced magnetic field as in the case of Colaço,Dulikravich,and Orlande(2009).Figure 2 shows the good agreement in terms of streamlines and isotherms with the results given in Colaço,Dulikravich,and Orlande(2009).Also,the average Nusselt numbersare in good agreement with the ones computed in Colaço,Dulikravich,and Orlande(2009).The computational cost(CPU time in seconds)of the present study is naturally less than the domain discretization methods due to the use of boundary elements only as can be seen in Table 1(e.g.15×15 grid,56 boundary elements only).
Table 1:CPU times and Nu on the heated wall with Re=1,Pr=0.71,Gr=104,Δt=0.01.
Firstly,the problem of MHD flow and heat transfer is solved in a square enclosure(Figure 1(a)).Then,the same problem in a square enclosure with a square blockage is considered(Figure 1(b)).Since the laminar flow is taken into account,Reynolds number value is taken up to 2500.And,the ranges for the other non-dimensional parameters are 1≤Rem≤100,Ha≤100,10≤Ra≤106,0.005≤Pr≤1.
Figure 2:Streamlines and Isotherms with Ha variation,Pr=0.71,Re=1,Gr=104.
AsReincreases(Figure 3),the center of the streamlines in the direction of moving lid shifts through the center of the cavity forming new secondary eddies at the bottom corners.The dominance of convection is observed in isotherms forming the strong temperature gradients clustered at the top left and bottom right corners.Vorticityistransportedinsidethecavityforming boundarylayersonthetopmoving lid and right wall close to the upper corner.This shows the concentration of flow through upper right corner.Induced magnetic field is not affected much with the increase inRe.
With an increase inHa(Figure 4), fluid flows slowly due to the retarding effect of Lorentz force.Two new cells on the right and left parts of cavity are observed in streamlines.Heat is transferred by conduction as can be seen from isotherms.Induced magnetic field lines become perpendicular to horizontal walls due to the decrease in the dominance of convection terms in the induction equations.Also,this points to the dominance of external magnetic field which is in the+y-direction.Vorticity concentrates completely near on the wall with the moving lid being stag-nant at the center as the intensity of magnetic field increases(i.e.Haincreases).
Figure 3:Rem=100,Ra=Ha=10,Pr=0.1,Δt=0.25.
Figure 4:Rem=40,Re=400,Ra=1000,Pr=0.1,Δt=0.5(Ha=5),Δt=0.2(Ha=50),Δt=0.1 with γ=0.1(Ha=100).
An increase in magnetic Reynolds numberRemhas a great in fluence on the induced magnetic field only.It shows circulation at the center of the cavity due to the dominanceof convectiontermsinthe induction equations,and theeffectof external magnetic field diminishes(Figure 5).
AsRaincreases(Figure 6),the isotherms indicate the conduction dominated effect due to the dominance of the buoyancy force.Small counter-clockwise eddy in streamlines withRa=103occupies the mid-part of the cavity withRa=104,and one more clockwise cell emerges through the bottom part of the cavity asRareaches to the valueRa=105.
Isotherms circulate inside the cavity pointing to the convective heat transfer with the increase in dominance of convective terms in energy equation asPrincreases(Figure 7).Not much of a variation in streamlines,vorticity,and induced magnetic field lines is observed.
Secondly,MHD mixed convection flow is solved in a cavity with a square blockage at the center.The centered square cylinder is of sizeLs=0.25.Inside the solid blockage induced magnetic field is neglected due to the small values ofRem(small magnetic permeability of the solid).Heat transfer inside the blockage is also neglected due to the small value of thermal diffusivity of the solid and its isothermal structure.ψ=−0.05 is taken on the blockage walls by looking at the averageψvalue at the center of the cavity in the absence of blockage and heat transfer.
Figure 8 shows that our results using DRBEM in solving the mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity with a square blockage,are consistent with the results in Islam,Sharif,and Carlson(2012)(in terms of Richardson numberRi=Ra/(PrRe2)).Blockage causes the secondary flow to develop at a lower value ofRecompared to cavity without blockage.With the increase inRe,the center of the streamlines which is close to the moving lid again moves to the center of the cavity but to the right of the blockage(Figure 9).Meantime,secondary flow becomes prominent close to the left wall of the cavity.Isotherms are not altered much.But,for large values ofRe,a boundary layer is pronounced on the left and bottom walls of the square blockage due to the secondary flow on the left wall of the cavity.Vorticity is transported inside the cavity asReincreases.Induced magnetic field vector tending to the direction of moving lid is not affected much.
AsHaincreases(Figure 10),due to the+y−directed applied magnetic field,the center of the primary cell in streamlines shift through the center of the cavity nearly con flicting with the square blockage.Further,the secondary flow at the left wall of the cavity becomes smaller,and a tertiary flow emerges at the top wall.Not much effect ofHaon isotherms is observed.This may be due to the small number ofPr.
Figure 5:Re=400,Ha=10,Ra=1000,Pr=0.1,Δt=0.25.
Figure 6:Re=400,Rem=Ha=10,Pr=0.1,Δt=0.25.
Figure 7:Re=400,Rem=Ha=10,Ra=103,Δt=0.5(Pr=0.005,Pr=0.1),Δt=0.25(Pr=1).
Figure 8:Streamlines and isotherms in terms of Richardson variation,Pr=0.71,Re=100,Ls=0.25.
Figure 9:Rem=100,Ha=10,Pr=0.1,Ra=103,Δt=0.25(Re=100,400,1000),Δt=0.1(Re=2500).
Strongly applied magnetic field(largeHa)directs the induced magnetic field lines in its direction.This is whyRem=100 has been taken to start with a turbulence at the right upper corner with smallHa.
Figure 10:Re=Rem=100,Ra=103,Pr=0.1,Δt=0.25(Ha=5,Ha=25),Δt=0.25 with γ=0.5(Ha=50),Δt=0.1 with γ=0.1(Ha=100).
The aim of the second example(MHD convection in a square cavity with a blockage at the center)is to examine the effects of both external magnetic field and the blockage in the cavity.Thus,the streamline value on the blockage walls is exposed to the change asHaincreases.This is depicted in Figure 11.As can be seen in Figure 11(a),clockwise directed primary cell is divided into two parts and squeezed through the left and right walls,and a counter-rotating cell is intensi fied covering the centerofthe cavityasHaincreases.Thus,thevalueofstream function changes,especiallyat thecenterof thecavity.Dueto thischangein the flow,thestreamfunction value which is denoted byψcon the square obstacle is taken accordingly with the values shown in Figure 11(a).Then,the effects of both applied magnetic field and blockage placed in the center of the cavity,on the flow are shown in Figure 11(b).It is observed that secondary flow developed withHa=5 through the left wall becomes larger,and the center of the primary cell shifts through the right wall.Further,the primary cell is pronounced between the right wall of the obstacle and the right wall of the cavity while a counter-rotating cell emerges from top wall of the cavity to the top wall of the square blockage.Retarding effect of Lorentz force starts much earlier(even withHa=5)and gives symmetric secondary flow cells on the left and right of the blockage whenHa=50.Further,the increase inHa(Ha=100)squeezes all the flow cells to the boundaries of the cavity.This is the well known boundary layer formation in the flow for largeHa.
Figure 11:Observation on Streamlines,Re=Rem=100,Ra=103,Pr=0.1.
Figure 12:Re=100,Rem=1,Ha=10,Pr=0.1,Δt=0.25(Ra=103,Ra=104),Δt=0.1(Ra=105),Δt=0.01 with γ=0.1(Ra=106).
Figure 13:Re=100,Ha=10,Pr=0.1,Ra=103,Δt=0.25.
ForRa=103,the center of the primary cell is seen through the moving lid and a secondary flow is observed at the left bottom corner of the cavity.WithRa=104,the primary cell is shrunk through the right mid part while the secondary flow occupies the left part of the cavity.A symmetric behavior in streamlines starts to be pronounced vanishing the effect of moving lid withRa=105and 106.Vorticity shows a similar behavior to streamlines as Ra increases.This is the common effect of large Ra values on the flow.Furthermore,isotherms also start to be circulated from hot blockage to the cold walls forming strong temperature gradient through the top wall due to the increase in natural convection(buoyancy).Induced magnetic field lines are also affected with the increase in Ra,and perturbation in opposite directions from square blockage to the top wall is observed.Here,Rem=1 is purposely taken to observe the effect of the solid blockage for large Ra(Figure 12).As expected,the variation of Rem has the in fluence only on the induced magnetic field lines as can also be seen in Figure 13.Induced magnetic field lines obey the direction of moving lid with the increase in Rem while the square blockage squeezes them between the blockage and the right wall of the cavity.
In this article,MHD flow with heat transfer is studied numerically in a square cavity,and a cavity with a centered square blockage.Without square blockage,isotherms form strong temperature gradient through the top and bottom walls pointing to the dominance of convective heat transfer asReincreases.As expected,the counter-rotating cells emerge and the dominance of conduction is pronounced with the increase inRa.The convective heat transfer is revealed asPrincreases.WhenHais increased,the conductive heat transfer is seen on isotherms.With centered square blockage,secondary flow becomes prominent close to the left wall of the cavity and right to the blockage.Rising of heat from hot blockage to the cold walls of cavity increases formation of the strong temperature gradients around the blockage and near the moving lid for large values ofRa.Even with small values ofHa,secondary flows start and locate through the right and left of the blockage.In both cases,increasingHaslows down the fluid motion due to the restraining effect of Lorentz force,and make the induced magnetic field lines perpendicular to the vertical walls since the external magnetic field is applied in+y-direction.Furthermore,the increase in magnetic Reynolds numberRemcauses the induced magnetic field lines to circulate inside the cavity.Not much effect ofRemon the heat transfer is observed.
The utilized numerical method DRBEM has the advantage of using small number of boundary nodes which result in small systems.Furthermore,all the space derivatives are easily computed with the BEM coordinate matrix.Thus,the computational cost is much more reasonable than the other domain discretization methods.However,physical problems which need very fine discretisation according to the domain of interest(e.g.domains containing narrow passages,curved pipes)will result in very large sized full systems.
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1Department of Mathematics,Atı lı m University,06836,Ankara,Turkey.
2Institute of Applied Mathematics,Middle East Technical University,06800,Ankara,Turkey.
3Department of Mathematics,Middle East Technical University,06800,Ankara,Turkey.
Computer Modeling In Engineering&Sciences2015年9期