易同培,史军义,李本祥,马丽莎,杨 林
(1.四川农业大学,四川都江堰 611830;2.中国林业科学研究院西南花卉研究开发中心,云南昆明 6502242;3.四川长宁县世纪竹园,四川长宁 644300;4.都江堰市美岚竹业研究院,四川都江堰 611830)
大花竹(四川长宁) 新种 图1:1~4
Bambusa dahuazhu Yi et B.X.Li,sp.nov.Pl.1~4
Species B.pervarisbilis McClure,sed differt internodiis glabris et huad farinosis;vaginis culmorum apice symmetricis,auriculis non declinatis,minoribus,glabris,laminis glabris;auriculis foliorum nullis,laminis ad 24 cm longis et 3.8 cm latis.
Culmi caespitosi,13 m~ 14 m alti,6 cm~ 8 cm diam..,apice stricti,32~ 45-nodis,internodiis(20)40 cm~ 50(60)cm longis,cylindricis,levigatis,glabris,lutiolo-longitudinali-striatis,cavis,lingo 6mm~ 12 mm crasso,sed base in cumis ad 2.5 cm crasso,medullis frustulatis;cicatrices vaginarum prominentes,cinereo-brunneae,primo cinereo-tomentosae;nodi culmorum plani,eis in basi radicis aeriis;intranodiis 8 mm~15 mm altis,primo cinereo-albo-tomentosis.Gemma culmi oblonga,obesa,glabra.Ramificationibus altioribus,multis,raminis crassis ad 1.5 m longis et 1.3 cm diametro.Turiones chlorotici,lutioli-lineati.Vaginae culmorum celeriter delapsae,coriaceae,quam internodiis brevioribus,primo chloroticae,luteoli-lineatae,apice truncatae,symmetricae;auriculae purpureae,ellipticae,nec pariles,ciliatae;ligulae prope truncatae,purpureae,3mm~5 mm altae,margine cinereo-brevi-fimbriae;laminae strictae,,triangulatae vel longe triangulatae,glabrae,ad 16 cm longae,margine scabrae.Folia(4)6~11 in quoque ramulo;vaginae foliorum chloroticae,glabrae,nitidae,porcis superis et nervillis longitudinalibus conspicuis,haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,setis oralibus 2~ 3,erectis,3mm~ 4 mm longis,facile delapsis;ligulae prope truncatae,glabrae,c.1 mm altae;petiole 2 mm~ 3 mm longi,chloroticae,glabrae;laminae lanceolatae,
10 cm~24 cm longae,1.3 cm~3.8 cm latae,levitercoriaceae,glabrae,apice acuminatae,basi rotundae vel late cuneatae,nervis secundariis 5~ 9-jugis,nervillis transversis indistinctis,margine serrulatae.Inflorescentia ignota.Turiones Julio et Augusti germinantes.
Sichuan(四川):Changning(长宁),Zhuhai Town(竹海镇),Dafang Village(大房村),1 Group(1组),E102°56′13″,N29°30′34″,Alt.269 m,Cultiv.,2014-09-15,T.P.Yi(易同培)14006(holotypus,SAUD=SIFS);Xingwen(兴文),Lianhua Village(莲花村),Laoyingwo(老鹰窝),alt.600m,2014-11-05,Jia Ting-Bing etc.(贾廷彬等)14002。
秆丛生,高13 m~14 m,直径6 cm~8 cm,梢端直立;全秆具32节~45节,节间长(20)40 cm~50 cm,最长达60 cm,圆筒形,光滑,无毛,具淡黄色纵条纹,中空,秆壁厚6 mm~12 mm,基部秆壁厚达2.5 cm,髓屑状;箨环隆起,灰褐色至褐色,初时具灰色绒毛;秆环平,基部节上具气生根;节内高8 mm~15 mm,出事米被灰白色绒毛。秆芽长圆形,肥厚丰满,无毛。秆高3 m~4 m开始分枝,枝条多数,簇生,主枝长达1.5 m,直径达1.3 cm,侧枝多数,较细而短。笋淡绿色,具淡黄色纵条纹;秆箨早落,革质,短于节间长度,初时淡绿色,具淡黄色纵条纹,秃净,顶端截平形,两侧对称;箨耳紫色,椭圆形,不等大,具缘毛;箨舌近截平形,紫色,高3 mm~5 mm,边缘具灰色短繸毛;箨片直立,三角形至长三角形,两面无毛,长达16 cm,边缘粗糙。小枝具叶(4)6枚~11枚;叶鞘淡绿色,无毛,有光泽,上部纵脊显著,纵脉纹明显,无缘毛;叶耳无,鞘口两肩繸毛2枚~3枚,直立,长3 mm~4 mm,易脱落;叶舌紫色,略呈截平形,无毛,高约1 mm;叶柄长2 mm~3 mm,淡绿色,无毛;叶片披针形,长10 cm~24 cm,宽1.3 cm~3.8 cm,薄革质,无毛,先端长渐尖,基部近圆形或宽楔形,次脉5对~9对,小横脉不清晰,边缘具小锯齿而粗糙。花果枝标本未见。笋期7月~8月。
本种接近撑篙竹B.pervariabilis McClure,但节间无毛,亦无白粉;箨鞘顶端对称,箨耳不下倾,较小,无毛;箨片五毛;无叶耳;叶片长达24 cm,宽达3.8 cm,无毛,易于区别。
客家竹(自拟) 新种 图2:5~8
Bambusa deformis Yi et L.Yang,sp.nov.Pl.5~8
Habitu B.dahuazhu Yi et L.Yang similis,sed differt turionibus et internodiis culmorum haud lutiolo-longitudinali-striatis;auriculis vaginarum tantum prorsum fimbriatis,laminis super luteolo-hispidis
Culmi caespitosi,12 m~13 m alti,5cm~6 cm diam..,apice stricti,31~ 40-nodis,internodiis 38 cm~47 cm longis,cylindricis,laete viridibus,levigatis,glabris,primo leviter farinosis,farinosis,magnioribus cavis,lingo 6 mm~8 mm crasso,base in cumis ad 18 mm crasso,medullis frustulatis;cicatrices vaginarum brunneae,prominentes,primo dense cinereo-longo-hispidis;nodi culmorum plani,intranodiis 1.2 cm~1.5 cm altis,primo dense cinereo-albo-crasso-tomentosis,after grabris.Gemma culmi triangulato-ovata,crassa,crassotomentosa.Ramificationibus altioribus,multis in omnibuss nodis,raminis crassis 1.2 m~1.4 m longis et ad 2 cm diametro,ramis lateraliubs.gracilibus,1.5 mm~2 mm crassis.Turiones chlorotici,glabri.Vaginae culmorum celeriter delapsae,crrasso-coriaceae,quam internodiis brevioribus,crasso-coriaceae,glabrae,longinervae,haud ciliatae;auriculae atropurpureae,oblongae,2.5 mm~3 mm latae,apice atropurpureae longi-ciliatae;ligulae truncatae,purpureae,ad 5 mm altae,margine dentes;laminae strictae,triangulatae vel longe triangulatae,intra lividae setulosae,longi-nervillae conspicuae,margine serrulatae.Folia 8~ 10 in quoque ramulo;vaginae foliorum virides vel viridi-purpurae,glabrae,porcis superis prominentes,nervillis longitudinalibus conspicuis,haud horizontaliter parvvulus nervilae,haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,setis oralibus nullae vel interdum 2~ 3;ligulae truncatae,purpureae,glabrae,c.1 mm altae;petiole 1.5mm~3.5 mm longi,chloroticae,glabrae;laminae lineaii-lanceolatae,virides,duro-purpureae,glabrae,(10)16 cm~25 cm longae,(1.5)2 cm~3(4)cm latae,super virides,dorso chloroticae,apice acuminatae,basi prope rotundae vel cuneatae,nervis secundariis 5~ 8-jugis,huad nervillis transversis,margine serrulatae.Inflorescentia ignota.Turiones Julio germinantes.
Sichuan(四川):Changning(长宁),Zhuhai Town(竹海镇),Dafang Village(大房村),1 Group(1 组),E102°56′13″,N29°30′34″,Alt.269m,Cultiv.,2014-09-15,T.P.Yi(易同培)14007(holotypus,SAUD=SIFS).
秆丛生,高12m~13m,直径cm5~6cm,秆梢直立;全秆 31~40节,节间长38 cm~47 cm,圆筒形,亮绿色,圆筒形,亮绿色,平滑,无毛,初时被微白粉,中空大,秆壁较薄,厚6 mm~8 mm,秆基壁厚达18 mm,髓屑状;秆环褐色,隆起,初时密被灰色长硬毛;秆环平;节内高1.2 cm~1.5 cm,初时密被灰白色厚绒毛,后脱落变无毛。秆芽三角状卵形,肥厚,被厚绒毛。秆分枝习性较高,每节多数,主枝长1.2 m~1.4 m,直径达2 cm,侧枝较细,直径1.5 mm~2 mm。笋淡绿色,无毛。秆箨早落,短于节间,厚革质,背面无毛,纵脉纹细密,无小横脉,无繸毛;箨耳深紫色,长圆形,前端具淡褐色长繸毛,宽2.5 mm~3 mm;箨舌截平形,紫色,高达5 mm,边缘齿裂状;箨片直立,三角形至长三角形,腹面被棕色小刺毛,纵脉纹显著,边缘具小锯齿。小枝具叶8枚~10枚;叶鞘绿色或绿色带紫色,无毛,纵脊在上部隆起,纵脉明显,无小横脉和缘毛;叶耳缺失,鞘口繸毛缺失或有时2枚~3枚;叶舌截平形,紫色,高约1 mm,无毛;叶柄长1.5 mm~3.5 mm,淡绿色,无毛;叶片线状披针形,绿色,硬纸质,无毛,长(10)16 cm~25(30)cm,宽(1.5)2 cm~3(4)cm,上面绿色,下面淡绿色,先端渐尖,基部近圆形或楔形,次脉5对~8对,无小横脉,边缘具小锯齿而粗糙。花枝未见。笋期7月。
本种近似大花竹 B.dahuazhu Yi et L.Yang,但笋和秆无淡黄色纵条纹;箨耳仅前端具繸毛,箨片腹面具淡棕色小刺毛,极易区别。
我们认为倬牡竹Dendrocalamus mutates Yi et B.X.Li,线耳绿竹 Dendrocalamopsis lineariaurita Yi et L.Yang,大花竹 Bambusa dahuazhu Yi et B.X.Li和客家竹Babusa deformis Yi et L.Yang等新种,均属于撑篙竹Bambusa pervarisbilis McClure与绿竹Dendrocalamopsis oldhami(Munro)Keng f.的杂交突变类型。20世纪90年代,四川宜宾市从广西柳州林业科学研究所引种了大批量由撑篙竹和绿竹杂交的竹种,幼竹在形态上非常近似,栽培中很难区分出不同变异体。随着幼竹年龄的增长,发现这批杂交竹种中大量的为撑绿竹3号Bambusa pervariabilis Mc-Clure×Dendrocalamopsis daii Keng f.No.3,俗称撑绿竹,但也有少量的杂交突变体,其形态与撑绿竹3号完全相异。这些形态迥异的个体,经人工精心细致培育,形成了新竹种。
盘县玉山竹(自拟) 黑竹(贵州盘县) 新种图9~13
Yushania panxianensis Yi et J.J.Shi,sp.nov.Pl.9~13
Species affinis Y.violascens(Keng)Yi,sed differt culmis post purpuratis vel purpureo-nigrescentibus;auriculis vaginarum nullis;foliis(2)3~5 in quoque ramulo;laminis ad 11 cm longis.
Rhizoma elongato-sympodiale,collisculmorum gracelioribus,4 mm~ 6 mm crassis,28~ 35-nodis,Internodiis 4 mm~ 10 mm longis,luteolibus,glabris,nitidibus,solidis.Culmi sparsi,apice erecti,1.5 m~72 m alti,0.5 cm~1.2 cm diametro,18~25-nodis,internodiis(5)14 cm~16(20)cm longis,cylindricis juventute viridibus,post purpuratis vel purpureo-nigrescentibus,primo farinosis et cinereis hispidis,haud longitudinaliter minute porcatis,cavis,,medullis annuliformibus;nodi vaginarum prominentes,luteoli vel brunei,glabri;nodi culmorum prominentes vel porcate prominentes,primo purpurei;intranodiis 1 mm~2 mm altis.Gemma culmi 1,oblonga,adpressa,Rami 5~7 in quoque nodo,stricti vel paullo patulusi,25 cm~ 45 cm longi,1 mm~ 2.5 mm crassi,primo farinosi.Turiones purpurei.Vaginae culmorum sero delapsae,triangulatooblongae,coriaceae,quam Internodiis longioribus vel paulo longioribus,dorso sparse adpresso-purpureo-tuberculato-setulosae,longitudinali-nervilis conspicuis,margine haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,fimbriae 4~6 in omni per latere,erectae,4 mm~ 6 mm longae,purpureae post cinereo-brunneae;ligulae truncatae vel oblique truncatae truncatae,purpureae,glabrae,1.5 mm~ 3 mm altae;laminae reflexae,purpureae,linnearilanceolatae,longinervis nervillis prominentibus,(0.5)cm~6.5 cm longae,1 mm~1.5 mm latae,glabrae,integeres.Folia(2)3~5 in quoque ramulo;vaginae foliorum purpureo-virides,3 cm~ 6 cm longae,glabrae,longitudinali-nervis et porcis superis conspicuis,haud ciliatae;auriculae nullae,setis oralibus(4)5~6 in lateralo lato,purpureae vel purpureo-brinneae,erectae;ligulae prope truncatae,brunneolae,c.0.8 mm altae;petioli c.1 mm longi,chloroticaei;laminae lineari-lanceolatae,papyraceae,glabrae,5.5 cm~ 11 cm longae,5.5 mm~10 mmlatae,supravirides,subtuschloroticae,apice acuminatae,basi cuneatae,nervis secundariis 3~4-jugis,nervillis transversis rectangularibus,margine serrulatae.Inflorescentia ignota.Turiones Junio germinantes.
Guizhou(贵州):Panxain(盘县),Hongguo Town(红果镇),Zhongsha Village(中沙村),Laoheishan(老黑山),alt.2 000 m,2015-05-16,Shi Junyi(史军义)15001;localite,2014-9-28,Shi Junyi(史军义)14001(Holotypus,SAUD=SIFS).
地下茎细长合轴型,秆柄较细长,直径4 mm~6 mm,具28节~35节,节间长4 mm~10 mm,淡黄色,平滑,无毛,实心。秆散生,直立,高1.5 m~2 m,直径0.8 cm~1.2 cm,具18节~25节,节间长(5)14 cm~16(20)cm,圆筒形,分枝节间无凹槽,一年生绿色,二年生以上渐变为紫色至紫黑色,幼时被白粉及上部具灰色小硬毛而粗糙,无纵细线棱纹,中空,髓环状;箨环隆起,淡黄褐色或褐色,无毛;秆环隆起或脊状隆起,初时紫色;节内高2 mm~4 mm。秆芽1枚,长圆形,贴生。秆每节具5枚~7枚枝条,直立或稍斜展,长25 cm~45 cm,直径1 mm~2.5 mm,初时被白粉。笋紫色;箨鞘迟落,三角状长圆形,革质,长于或稍长于节间,背面被稀疏贴生瘤基紫色刺毛,纵脉纹明显隆起,无缘毛;箨耳缺失,鞘口两肩各具4枚~6枚、直立、长4 mm~6 mm、紫色后期变为灰褐色的繸毛;箨舌截形或斜截形,紫色,无毛,高1.5 mm~3 mm;箨片外翻,紫色,线状披针形,纵脉纹隆起,长(0.5)1 cm~6.5 cm,宽1 mm~1.5 mm,无毛,全缘。小枝具叶(2)3枚~5枚;叶鞘紫绿色,长3 cm~6 cm,无毛,纵脉纹及上部纵脊明显,无缘毛;叶耳缺失,鞘口两肩各具(4)5枚~6枚、紫色或紫褐色、直立而不弯曲、长1 mm~3 mm的繸毛;叶舌近截平形,淡褐色,高约0.8 mm;叶柄长约1 mm,淡绿色;叶片狭披针形,纸质,无毛,长5.5 cm~11 cm,宽5 mm~10 mm,上面绿色,下面淡绿色,先端渐尖,基部楔形,次脉3对~4对,小横脉组成长方形,边缘具小锯齿而粗糙。花枝未见。笋期6月。
本种近似紫花玉山竹Y.violascens(Keng)Yi,但秆后期变为紫色或紫黑色;无箨耳;小枝具叶(2)3枚~5枚;叶片长达11 cm,易于区别。
这个竹种一年生竹秆为绿色,二年生时开始变为紫色,以后随年龄的增长,竹秆颜色逐渐变深为紫黑色,故当地群众习惯称该竹种为黑竹。该种除对山区水土保持和生态环境建设具有重要作用外,还是云贵高原新近发现的一个重要观赏竹种。
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