冯红颜
摘 要:该文主要是分析中职英语中出现的一个重要语法现象,从现在分词与动名词的作用入手,归纳了动名词与现在分词的特点、区别,最后用一个短文来示范其两者在文中的用法和作用,可以使中职学生在学习本部分内容时更容易学好。
关键词:动名词 现在分词 语法
中图分类号:G6 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1674-098X(2015)03(c)-0111-02
众所周知,英语中现在分词与动名词在表现形式上都是带有-ing的,但在使用中却是不同的。当然在属性上说,动名词有名词和动词特征,它可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等;同时、它也可以有自己的宾语和状语。而现在分词具有动词、副词和形容词的特征。可以有宾语或者状语。在句中可以作为定语、表语、状语等使用。
1 动名词
1.1 动名词与名词的区别
动名词作为非谓语动词,其在语言中与真正的名词是有很大区别的,名词(指事和物)不具有动词的意义,而动名词却有动词的意义。
例如:
Some drinks is nourishing.(drinks名词)
Drinking water is helpful for body.(drinking动名词)
一般说动名词前面还可有介词构成动名词短语(动名词作介词的宾语),也可以被人称代词所有格修饰。
如:The boy is watching TV instead of going over his lesson.
Her growing up is looked a miracle.
1.2 动名词常用情况
(1)作主语。
如:Talking is easier than doing.
(2)作宾语。
如:Thank you for helping me
(3)作定语。
如:There is a swimming pool in our school.
动名词若是作为定语时它可修辞名词。
如: Running water never becomes putrid.
动名词不能单独作状语,它前面必须有一个介词方可做状语。
如:There are difficult ways of solving this problem.
You can tell the specific gravity of a certain object by comparing its weight in air with its weight in water.
2 现在分词
现在分词作为非谓语动词,主要也是修饰主语、宾语和表语。
(1)作定语。
如:The rising moon was hidden by the clouds.
①现在分词与动名词作定语的判断v-ing同它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓關系,不表示名词本身的动作、行为,通常表示被修饰名词的用途时,v-ing为动名词如:a swimming pool一个游泳池;a walking stick一根拐棍。②v-ing 同它修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,表示名词本身的动作、行为时,v-ing为现在分词。单个现在分词作前置定语,现在分词短语则作后置定语。如:
The boy sitting on the sofa is a classmate of mine.(沙发上坐着的那个男孩是我的一个同学)a speaking boy = a boy who is speaking.(一个说话的男孩)
(2)作表语。
如:The news sounds moving.
v-ing作表语,是现在分词还是动名词的判断①在“主语+系动词+v-ing”结构中,如果表语与主语是处于同等的位置,即主语与表语可以互换位置而意思不变时,v-ing为动名词。如:
Her job is looking after the children = Looking after the children is her job.(她的工作是看小孩儿)
②当主语表示某人、某事物或各种各样的情况,而表语又是补充说明主语的特征,其前可以加上very,quite等词来修饰时,v-ing为现在分词。
如:What he said is very (quite) inspiring.(他所说的话很鼓舞人)
The music is very exciting.(音乐很令人兴奋)
(3)作宾补。
分词在复合宾语中作宾补,可以带这种宾语补足语的词有:see, watch, hear, find, get, keep等。
如:We heard her laughing in her room.
I watched them playing football.
如果-ing形式在句中充当状语和补语,那么它一定是现在分词。
如果-ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语,那么它一定是动名词。
(4)作状语。
当分词或分词短语作状语时,他的逻辑主语要和主句的主语一致。
如:Hearing a noise, they stopped talking.
She sat there reading a newspaper.
3 动名词与现在分词的区别
虽然现在分词可以修饰名词,但在使用中与动名词作为定语时是有明显区别的。
如:Where is the dining room?(动名词)
The man standing there is our master. (现在分词)
(1)动名词做定语时,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系,即它不是该名词的动作,也就是动名词没有逻辑主语;而现在分词则有它的逻辑主语,其逻辑主语即是它所修饰的名词,它是该名词的动作。如:leading comrades 领导们,这里的leading是现在分词做定语,从其逻辑关系上说comrades是leading的逻辑主语。事实上,leading comrades= comrades who lead.
reading materials 阅读材料,reading是动名词做定语,逻辑上materials不是reading的主语,事实上,reading materials=materials for reading.
(2)虽然动名词作定语的情况不是很多,但还是有一些常见的情况,如a reading-room; drinking water; a writing course; a sleeping car; the getting-up bell等等。
(3)现在分词在句子中还都有正在进行的意思。如:
I saw him going up stairs.
I saw her coming in.
I was working on the computer all morning.
(4)现在分词和动名词都可做表语,但意义有所不同。
如:The situation is encouraging.(现在分词)
Seeing is believing.(动名词)
以上用法,在中职教学中学生最易出错。
下面用这两种语法现象,写一短文,来体会动名词与现在分词的使用差别。
My Teaching Life.I am from England ,being an English teacher in China, I feel very happy, China is a developing country, but it is a great country, the Chinese people are very enthusiasm, I enjoy my teaching career in China.
Teaching is not only my full-time job but also my interest, I thank my life is exciting in school. After school my students finish doing their homework, I keep taking exercise with them, I hear the girls singing English song in the classroom, in summer the boys swim in a swimming pool, we go hiking together in autumn, I love my students very much.
I also plan to study Chinese here, I try to collect words and expressions in daily life.I read local newspaper, magazine,pieces of advertisement and introduction of goods, even when I am shopping. Collecting useful words makes me be full of sense of accomplishment. It is a good way to learn Chinese. My students help always me too.
In a word, life and work here teach me a lot. I meet lots of different people and experience, but no matter whether they are good or not, they are all treasure for me.
I believe, working hard, I will succeed.
4 结语
现在分词与动名词,形态上完全相同,都是动词以ing结尾,但两者有一个最本质的区别,那就是现在分词是形容词,而动名词是名词,因此在一个句子中,凡是可以放形容词的地方,都可以放现在分词,凡是可以放名詞的地方,都可以放动名词。其实,它们的用法不只这些,本文只是谈了中职教学中常见的问题。
参考文献
[1] 基础模块教材编写组.中等职业学校试用教材[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2007.
[2] 全国各类成人高等学校招生考试丛书[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[3] 中职英语教材编写组.中职英语、新思维评价手册[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2011.