马瑞松,李元红,江洪,胡笑容,李雪飞(武汉大学人民医院,武汉430060;恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院)
IL-33对大鼠I/R损伤心肌炎症反应和细胞自噬的影响
马瑞松1,李元红2,江洪1,胡笑容1,李雪飞1
(1武汉大学人民医院,武汉430060;2恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院)
摘要:目的探讨IL-33对心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤心肌的保护作用及机制。方法将32只大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=10)、模型组(n=10)、IL-33组(n=6)及IL-33特异性受体(ST2)抑制剂组(anti-ST2组,n=6)。除假手术组外,其余各组采用结扎冠状动脉左前降支法建立I/R心肌损伤模型。假手术组仅麻醉、开胸、穿线,但不结扎。IL-33制模前30 min尾静脉注射IL-33 10 μg,anti-ST2组注射anti-ST2 0.2 mL(1mg/mL)。再灌注4 h后取血清或心肌组织检测各组以下指标:①血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)水平:采用分光光度法检测;②心肌组织Th1型炎症因子(TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-6)和Th2型炎症因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-13)水平:采用ELISA法检测;③心肌组织自噬蛋白LC3和beclin-1相对表达量:采用Western blot法检测。结果①LDH、CK水平:模型组均明显高于假手术组,IL-33组均明显低于模型组,P均<0.05; anti-ST2组较模型组无统计学差异。②心肌组织炎症因子表达: Th1型炎症因子模型组及IL-33组均明显高于假手术组,IL-33组明显低于模型组,P均<0.05; anti-ST2组与模型组比较无统计学差异。Th2型炎症因子模型组明显低于假手术组,IL-33组明显高于模型组,anti-ST2组与模型组比较无统计学差异;③心肌组织自噬蛋白LC3和beclin-1相对表达量:模型组明显高于、IL-33组明显低于假手术组; IL-33组明显低于模型组(P均<0.05) ; anti-ST2组与模型组比较无统计学差异。IL-33与anti-ST2组各观察指标均有统计学差异(P均<0.05)。结论IL-33可通过抑制细胞过度自噬,减弱Th1型炎症反应,促进Th2型炎症反应而减轻心肌I/R损伤。
关键词:心肌;缺血再灌注损伤;白介素33;细胞自噬;炎症因子
研究证实,炎症反应和细胞自噬在心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤发生发展过程中发挥重要作用[1~4]。IL-33是一种IL-1家族细胞因子,存在于细胞核内,可调控细胞增殖和转录。当细胞凋亡和坏死时IL-33被释放到细胞外,但凋亡细胞中活化的Caspase-3会将IL-33剪切为无生物活性的片段,而完整的IL-33与其特异性受体ST2结合可发挥细胞因子的作用。近期研究证实,IL-33可诱导幼稚型T细胞向Th2细胞分化,加强Th2型炎症反应,减弱Th1型炎症反应;可参与调节细胞自噬[5,6]。但IL-33是否可通过调节炎症反应和细胞自噬影响心肌I/R损伤尚无相关报道。为此,我们于2014年10月~2015年1月进行了如下研究。
1.1动物分组与处理SPF级成年雄性SD大鼠32只,体质量200~250 g,购于武汉大学动物实验中心。随机分为假手术组(假手术组,n=10)、缺血再灌注组(模型组n=10)、白介素33组(n=6)、ST2抑制剂(anti-ST2)组(anti-ST2组,n=6)。除假手术组外,其余各组均建立心肌I/R损伤模型: 2%戊巴比妥钠(40 mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉,仰卧位固定,气管插管,连接动物呼吸机(呼吸频率70次/min,吸呼比1︰1.5,潮气量3~4 mL/100 g)。动物心电图机记录Ⅱ导心电图。于胸骨左缘开胸暴露心室前壁,剪开心包膜;于左心耳与肺动脉圆锥间用小圆针带5-0线穿过左前降支(LAD)下缘,将前降支与一个中间带凹槽的空心乳胶管一起结扎。以心尖部心肌变苍白、心电图Ⅱ导联明显上抬表明缺血成功。缺血30 min,再灌注4 h。假手术组仅麻醉、开胸、穿线但不结扎。IL-33组及anti-ST2组分别于制模前(麻醉后)尾静脉注射IL-33 10 μg、anti-ST2 0.2 mL(1 mg/mL)。
1.2检测项目及方法
1.2.1血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK)水平采用分光光度法。再灌4 h后各组经颈静脉取血2 mL,3 000 r/min离心15 min,分离血清,-80℃冰箱保存,选用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒,按照试剂盒说明书规范操作检测血清LDH和CK。
1.2.2心肌组织Th1、Th2型炎症反应因子表达再灌4 h后,取各组结扎线水平以下的心肌,剪除右心室,锡纸包被后-80℃冰箱冻存。制备心肌组织匀浆,选用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒,采用ELISA法按照试剂盒说明书规范操作,检测心肌组织中Th1型炎症反应因子(TNF-α、INF-γ和IL-6)和型炎症反应Th2因子(IL-4、IL-5和IL-13)。结果(pg/mL)用标准曲线法算出。
1.2.3心肌组织自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1表达采用Western blot法检测。取材方法同1.2.2,检测方法参照文献[9],根据分子质量配制12%PAGE胶,电泳后转膜,用5%的脱脂奶粉封闭,4℃孵育一抗过夜,用LC3、beclin-1对应的HRP标记的二抗孵育后,ECL显色。以β-actin为内参计算上述蛋白的相对表达量。
1.3统计学方法采用SPSS21.0统计软件。数据以珋x±s表示。组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,多组间两两比较采用Tukey检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1血清LDH和CK各组血清LDH和CK水平见表1。由表1可见,与假手术组比较,模型组血清LDH和CK明显升高(P均<0.05) ; IL-33组血清CK明显增高(P<0.05),LDH差异无统计学意义。与模型组比,IL-33组血清LDH和CK明显降低(P均<0.05),anti-ST2组血清LDH和CK有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义。
2.2心肌组织Th1、Th2型炎症因子表达各组鼠心肌组织Th1型炎症因子TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-6和Th2型炎症因子IL-4、IL-5和IL-13见表2。由表2可见,与假手术组比较,模型组和IL-33组心肌组织TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-6水平明显升高(P均<0.05) ;与模型组比较,IL-33组心肌组织上述三种炎症因子水平明显降低(P均<0.05),anti-ST2组心肌组织上述三种炎症因子表达有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义。与假手术组比较,模型组心肌组织IL-4、IL-5 和IL-13水平均降低(P均<0.05) ;与模型组比较,IL-33组心肌组织IL-4、IL-5和IL-13水平均升高(P均<0.05),anti-ST2组心肌组织IL-4、IL-5和IL-13水平与模型组比较差异无统计学意义。
表1 各组血清LDH和CK水平比较(±s)
注:与假手术组比较,*P<0.05;与模型组比较,#P<0.05;与IL-33组比较,ΔP<0.05。
组别 n LDH(U/L) CK(U/L)假手术组10 857.988±91.148 1 587.000±179.836模型组 10 1 738.856±88.600* 4 194.760±206.029*IL-33组 6 991.716±11.655# 2 704.333±297.295* #anti-ST2组 6 1 809.073±48.105Δ 4 387.657±200.291Δ
表2 各组心肌组织Th1、Th2型炎症因子水平比较(pg/mL,±s)
注:与假手术组比较,*P<0.05;与模型组比较,#P<0.05;与IL-33组比较,ΔP<0.05。
组别 n Th1 Th2型炎症因子IL-4 IL-5 IL-13假手术组 10 110.107±5.290 276.269±9.502 72.455±7.930 945.370±59.134 723.139±88.099 965.473±27型炎症因子TNF-α INF-γIL-6 3.834模型组 10 188.820±8.145* 438.230±8.343* 162.119±10.110* 247.720±37.803* 201.609±17.225*165.449±12.407*IL-33组 6 134.636±5.934# 328.496±9.549# 94.527±5.913# 476.320±26.295* #387.003±17.718* #312.966±53.514* #anti-ST2组 6 205.430±5.585Δ 453.681±8.851Δ 167.921±11.461Δ 315.277±31.615Δ 252.973±17.306Δ 179.636±27.056Δ
2.3心肌组织自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1表达各组心肌组织自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1水平见表3。由表3可见,与假手术组比较,模型组心肌组织中LC3和beclin-1水平明显升高(P均<0.05),IL-33组心肌组织中LC3和beclin-1水平明显降低(P均<0.05)。与模型组比较,IL-33组心肌组织中LC3、beclin-1水平明显降低(P均<0.05),anti-ST2组心肌组织中LC3、beclin-1水平与模型组比较差异无统计学意义。
表3 各组心肌组织自噬蛋白LC3、beclin-1表达比较(相对表达量,±s)
注:与假手术组比较,*P<0.05;与模型组比较,#P<0.05;与IL-33组比较,ΔP<0.05。
组别 n LC3/β-actin beclin-1/β-actin假手术组10 0.319±0.071 0.287±0.043模型组 10 0.409±0.075* 0.424±0.063*IL-33组 6 0.178±0.048* # 0.160±0.021* #anti-ST2组 6 0.545±0.096*Δ 0.496±0.071*Δ
研究证实,IL-33可诱导幼稚T细胞分化为Th2型细胞,并可作为Th2细胞的趋化因子促进Th2细胞聚集;还可直接作用于Th2细胞,促进Th2型炎症因子的分泌[7~9]。Li等[5]报道,IL-33可通过抑制Th1型炎症反应(降低INF-γ)、诱导Th2型炎症反应(升高IL-4、IL-5和IL-13)抑制肝脏I/R。Yin等[10]研究发现,IL-33可通过诱导Th2型炎症反应明显延长小鼠心脏移植后心脏的存活时间。本研究结果显示,在心脏I/R过程中,IL-33可通过抑制Th1炎症反应(降低TNF-α、INF-γ和IL-6),诱导Th2炎症反应(升高IL-4、IL-5和IL-13)达到降低血清LDH和CK水平、保护心肌的目的。这与前期的研究一致。近期有文献报道,IL-33可促进Th1型免疫反应;亦可影响CD+8型抗病毒T细胞的发育[11]。但本研究中未发现IL-33可升高Th1相关炎症因子水平,提示IL-33可能仅在抗肿瘤和抗慢性病毒性疾病时激活Th1型免疫反应[11],而在心肌I/R中不能激活Th1型免疫反应。
近期大量的研究表明,细胞自噬在心肌I/R中起着非常重要的作用[6,12,13]。心肌I/R导致的ATP耗竭、氧化应激、内质网应激和蛋白降解均可导致心肌细胞自噬。但自噬对心肌I/R的利与弊取决于具体环境,适度激活自噬对心肌细胞有保护作用,但过度激活自噬会造成细胞死亡[12]。目前普遍认为,在缺血阶段适度激活自噬可处理受损蛋白质,是一种细胞自我保护;在再灌注阶段自噬过度激活可加重心肌I/R损伤[12,13]。Matsui等[14,15]的研究表明,心肌I/R阶段自噬过度激活,表现为beclin-1表达升高,Bcl-2表达显著下调,可导致细胞死亡。本研究模型组心肌组织LC3、beclin-1水平明显高于假手术组,提示I/R损伤可导致心肌细胞过度自噬; IL-33组心肌组织LC3、beclin-1水平明显低于模型组,提示IL-33可通过抑制I/R引起的心肌细胞过度自噬,保护心肌。ST2为IL-33特异性受体,anti-ST2可特异性阻断内源性IL-33的作用。本研究结果显示,anti-ST2组和模型组大鼠血清及心肌组织各指标差异均无统计学意义,这可能是内源性IL-33含量低所致。心肌中IL-33由血管内皮细胞及心肌成纤维细胞分泌,含量极低;同时在心肌I/R过程中心肌细胞损伤以凋亡为主,而完整的IL-33在细胞凋亡时,会被活化的Caspase-3剪切为无活性的片段,进一步降低IL-33水平,而极低的IL-33表达水平,不足以表现出心肌保护作用。
关于IL-33的具体作用机制,目前认为可能与Bcl-2和活性氧(ROS)有关。研究证实,饥饿刺激时,Bcl-2可调节beclin-1介导的细胞自噬[16],ROS也参与调节beclin-1的表达,且抗氧化剂可以明显减少beclin-1的表达[17]。此外,ROS还可通过抑制自噬相关基因4(Atg4)的活性,促进LC3脂质化和激发自噬[18]。IL-33可促进Bcl-2表达[19],减少ROS生成[20],而二者进一步调节再灌注阶段LC3、beclin-1的表达。beclin-1是心肌缺血后再灌注阶段调节自噬最重要的蛋白[14,15]。再灌注阶段beclin-1高表达可过度激活自噬,造成细胞损伤;而通过siRNA转染抑制beclin-1的表达可抑制过度自噬保护心肌[21,22]。故我们推测IL-33可通过调控Bcl-2 和ROS的表达调节LC3和beclin-1表达,抑制过度自噬,保护I/R心肌。但其具体机制仍需进一步研究证实。
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Effect of interleukin 33 on inflammation response and autophagy in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury
MA Rui-song1,LI Yuan-hong,JIANG Hong,HU Xiao-rong,LI Xue-fei
(1 Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Wuhan 430060,China)
Abstract:ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect of interleukin 33 (IL-33) on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the mechanism.Methods Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group (n=10),I/R group (model group,n=10),IL-33 group (n=6) and anti-ST2 group (n=6).In addition to the control group,the left anterior descending coronary artery ligation method was adopted to establish the myocardial I/R injury model in the other groups (the sham operation group only received anesthesia,open-chest and threading,but not ligation).Rats in the IL-33+ I/R group and anti-ST2+ I/R group were separately injected to the caudal vein with 10 μg IL-33 and 0.2 mL anti-ST2 (1 mg/mL) 30 min before modeling.After reperfusion for 4 h,we obtained the serum or myocardial tissues to detect the following indicators of each group: (1) the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) level: using spectrophotometry,(2) Th1 inflammation factors in the myocardial tissues (TNF-α,INF-γ and IL-6) and Th2 inflammatory cytokines (IL-4,IL-5 and IL-3) : using the ELISA,(3) the relative expression of autophagy protein LC3 and beclin 1 in the myocardial tissues: using Western blotting.Results(1) LDH and CK level: the model group was significantly higher than the control group,IL-33 group was significantly lower than the model group (P<0.05),and no statistical difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.(2) the inflammation factor expression in thebook=2,ebook=464myocardial tissues: Th1 type inflammation factor expression: the model group and IL-33 group were significantly higher than the control group,IL-33 was significantly lower than the model group (all P<0.05),and no difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.Th2 type inflammation factor expression: the model group was significantly lower than the control group,IL-33 group was significantly higher than the model group,and no statistical difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.(3) The relative expression of autophagy protein LC3 and beclin-1 in the myocardial tissues: the model group was significantly higher,IL-33 group was significantly lower than the control group,IL-33 was significantly lower than the model group (all P<0.05),no significant difference was found between the anti-ST2 group and the model group.Statistically significant differences were found in all indexes between the IL-33 and anti-ST2 group.Conclusion IL-33 may attenuate myocardial I/R injury by inhibiting the excessive autophagy,weakening Th1 inflammatory response and enhancing Th2 inflammatory response.
Key words:Myocardium; ischemia-reperfusion injury; interleukin 33; autophagy; inflammatory factor
(收稿日期:2015-03-11)
通信作者简介:李元红(1956-)男,博士,主任医师,教授,研究方向为心电生理和冠心病。E-mail: lyholol@ vip.163.com
作者简介:第一马瑞松(1988-),硕士在读,研究方向为冠心病。E-mail: maruisong@ outlook.com
基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(81370308)。
文章编号:1002-266X(2015)22-0001-04
文献标志码:A
中图分类号:R543.1
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2015.22.001