被逐出校园的四个历史人物

by Evan Andrews

翻译：思苇

People / 人物

被逐出校园的四个历史人物

Four Historical Figures Who Were Kicked Out of School

by Evan Andrews

翻译：思苇

萨尔瓦多·达利Salvador Dalí

教育或许是取得成功的关键之一，不过让不守规矩的学生聊感安慰的是，事实上，有些在历史上极具影响力的人物在其少年时代也曾经被逐出校园。大多数人被开除是因为恶作剧或者其他年少轻狂的举动，但也有一部分人——他们被赶出学校的原因正是他们后来赖以成名的品性德行。从萨尔瓦多·达利到埃德加·爱伦·坡，一起来了解一下这四位曾被学校开除的历史人物吧。

In 1922, future Surrealist icon Salvador Dalí entered the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando in Madrid. Dalí had only applied[申请]to the school after being encouraged by his father, and from the beginning, he was none too impressed with its faculty[全体教员]. “I immediately understood that those old professors covered with honors and decorations[奖章]could teach me nothing,” he later wrote. While he became known for his bold[大胆的]painting style, Dalí was suspended[使停学]from the Academy in 1923 for leading a student protest[抗议]against the faculty selection process[过程，步骤]. He returned to San Fernando the following year, only to be expelled for good[永久地]in 1926 after he said that none of his professors were skilled enough to grade his work. Later, Dalí entered the Paris art world, grew his unique[独特的]upturned[朝上的]moustache and began working together with members of the Surrealist movement. By 1931, hehad worked on two flms and completed The Persistence of Memory, his most well known painting.

1922年，未来的超现实主义代表人物——萨尔瓦多·达利入读位于（西班牙）马德里市的皇家圣费尔南多美术学院。达利是在父亲的鼓励下才去报读这所学校的，他从一开始就对这里的师资力量完全不感兴趣。“我马上就明白了，这些从头到脚都是各种头衔和奖章的老教授根本不会让我学到东西，”他后来这样写道。尽管他以大胆的绘画风格备受赞誉，但由于带领学生抗议教师选举程序问题，达利在1923年被赶出校门。他在第二年回到圣费尔南多复课，但在他表示没有一位教授有水平评价自己的作品后，他于1926年被永久开除出校。后来，达利进军巴黎艺术界，留起了独特的上翘小胡子，并开始与超现实主义运动的成员合作。到了1931年，他已经参与过两部电影的制作，还完成了其生平最有名的作品——《记忆的永恒》。

超现实主义

超现实主义是在法国开始的文学艺术流派，源于达达主义，于1920年至1930年间盛行于欧洲文学及艺术界，对视觉艺术的影响力深远。它的主要特征，是以所谓“超现实”、“超理智”的梦境、幻觉等作为艺术创作的源泉，认为只有这种超越现实的“无意识”世界才能摆脱一切束缚，最真实地显示客观事实的真面目。超现实主义常被称为超现实主义运动，或简称为超现实。

In 1830, future literary[文学上的]legend Edgar Allan Poe resigned[辞职]a post in the U.S. Army to attend the United States Military[军事的]Academy at West Point. Poe had previously[先前]left the University of Virginia after drinking and gambling[赌博]his way into a mountain of debt, and it appears that his time at the Point was just as bad. He endured[忍耐]the school’s strict military discipline[纪律]and thrived[茁壮成长]in his studies, but following a fight with his foster father, John Allan, he decided to try and get himself kicked out. He stopped attending classes, and passed his time at a local watering hole[卖酒处]. In total, Poe collected more than 200 offenses[过错；犯罪]and demerits[过失]on his way to being dismissed from West Point in January 1831. Before leaving, the 22-year-old convinced[说服]several of his classmates to donate[捐赠]money to fund the printing costs for his third book of poems, simply titled Poems.

1830年，未来的文学奇人埃德加·爱伦·坡辞去他在美军的职务，入读美国西点军校。早年的坡在（美国）弗吉尼亚大学念书时由于酗酒问题以及赌博欠下了一屁股债务而离开，现在看来他在西点期间的表现也一样糟糕。他能够遵守这里严格的军纪，学习成绩很好，但是在与养父约翰·爱伦闹翻以后，坡决定故意滋事，好让自己被开除。他不再去上课，在当地一个酒吧里消磨时日。坡在此期间总共犯下了两百多次违纪过失，在1831年1月被西点军校开除。离校之前，这个年仅22岁的年轻人成功说服几个同班同学给他捐钱，为自己的第三本诗歌集凑到了出版费用——这本书被很简单地命名为《诗集》。

埃德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe

注：AWOL或awol是absent without leave的缩写，即擅离职守的、没有请假便缺席的。

马龙·白兰度Marlon Brando

One of actor Marlon Brando’s most famous flm roles came in 1953’s The Wild One, where he played the leader of a rebel[叛逆者]motorcycle gang. The biker character may have been pretty easy for Brando, a troublemaker who supposedly[据推测]once rode a motorcycle through the halls of his high school in Libertyville, Illinois. “I was forever being sent to the principal’s[校长]office to be disciplined[惩罚],” Brando later wrote of his high school days. Thanks to poor grades and plenty of bad behavior, ranging from[从……到……]throwing firecrackers to writing a class essay[短文]on a roll of toilet paper, Brando was eventually[最后]expelled from Libertyville High in 1941. He then transferred[转移]to Shattuck Military Academy in Minnesota, where he continued to show no respect for authority[权威]. In 1943, Brando was put on probation[察看]and confined[限制]to campus for talking back to an officer during a drill[军事训练]. When he ignored[无视]the order and headed out for a day on the town, he was charged with being AWOL注and dismissed. Having been expelled from two different schools, Brando moved to New York and started acting. He made his Broadway debut[初次登场]only one year later.

演员马龙·白兰度其中一个最有名的银幕角色出自1953年的《飞车党》，他在里面饰演一个叛逆机车团伙的老大。对白兰度来说，这个飞车族角色也许并不是什么难事——据说这个捣蛋鬼有一次还骑着摩托车从他那位于（美国）伊利诺伊州利伯蒂维尔的高中走廊上飞驰而过。“我老是被打发去校长办公室挨训，”白兰度后来记述自己的高中生涯时这样写道。由于成绩太差以及一连串不良行为——从乱丢鞭炮到将作文写在一卷厕纸上等等，白兰度最终在1941年被利伯蒂维尔高中开除。他随后转学到明尼苏达州的沙特克军事学院，在那儿继续藐视权威。1943年，由于在一次训练中对教官顶嘴，白兰度被罚留校观察。他无视命令跑到镇上玩了一天，因而被指控擅离职守（AWOL），最后被开除出校。被两所学校拒之门外的白兰度搬到了纽约，开始他的演艺事业。仅仅一年之后，他就在百老汇首次登台亮相。

贝尼托·墨索里尼Benito Mussolini

During his school days in the 1880s and 90s, Italian Fascist dictator[独裁者]Benito Mussolini had a bad reputation[名声]for bullying, stealing and general defiance[蔑视]toward his teachers. “More than once I came back home with my head bleeding from a blow with a stone,” he later wrote of his many fghts, “but I knew how to defend[防卫]myself.” When he was nine, Mussolini’s parents sent him to a strict Catholic boarding school in the hope that the priests could smooth off his rough edges. The boy didn’t take to[喜欢]church discipline, however, and in 1893 he was expelled after he stabbed a fellow student in the hand with a knife and threw an inkpot at a priest who tried to discipline him. Mussolini was sent to another boarding school, where he was nearly expelled a second time for yet another stabbing. Despite seemingly not caring about school, Mussolini later got a teaching certifcation[证明书]and occasionally worked as an educator. Perhaps not surprisingly, the future dictator was known for his sternness[严厉], and was nicknamed “the tyrant[暴君]” by his students.

十九世纪八九十年代，意大利法西斯独裁者贝尼托·墨索里尼当时还是一名学生，以欺负同学、偷鸡摸狗和对师长的公然蔑视而臭名昭著。“我不止一次回到家时都是被石头砸了一脸血，”他后来对自己的多次打架这样描述道，“不过我懂得如何自卫。”九岁那年，墨索里尼的父母将他送去一所要求严格的天主教寄宿学校，希望牧师们能够磨平他那粗暴的棱角。然而，这个男孩压根就不喜欢教会的规条。1893年，他用小刀捅伤了同学的手，还将墨水瓶扔到试图管教他的牧师身上，因而被逐出校园。墨索里尼随后被送到另一所寄宿学校，差点因为又一起捅人事件而被再次开除。尽管他看起来对学校毫无兴趣，但墨索里尼后来取得了教师资格证，断断续续地从事着教育者的工作。也许不会让人意外的是，这位未来的独裁者以严厉著称，学生们还给他起了“暴君”这个花名。

语法小提示

关于“开除”的表达

既然本文讲的是被逐出校园，那么就来看看哪些词可以表达“开除、解雇”这个意思吧。同学们可以先试着在文中找出表达这个意思的单词或词组，再对照下文，看看有没有找漏哦。

1) kick sb. out (of) 是非正式用法，意指“开除，撵走”，特别指用比较暴力极端的方式。如：He was kicked out of college for cheating.(他因为作弊而被学校开除。)

2) expel [Ik′spel] (过去式和过去分词均为expelled) 经常和from连用，表示“把……(从学校、俱乐部等) 开除”，一般是因为严重违反了规定。如：If I catch you smoking in the school grounds again, you’ll be expelled.(如果再让我撞见你在学校操场上抽烟，你非被开除不可。)Expel也有“赶走；驱逐(尤指逐出一个国家)”的意思。如：After the outbreak of fighting, all foreign journalists were expelled. (战斗开始后，所有外国记者都被驱逐出境。)

3) dismiss [dIs′mIs]是比较正式的用法，和from连用表示“解雇，开除，免职”之意。如：If you are late again, you’ll be dismissed from your job.(如果你再迟到，就将被解雇。)

以上三个例子都可以在文中找到，我们再来看看短语get the boot ，大家知道它是什么意思吗？没错，也是解雇的意思。解雇和boot(靴子)有什么关系呢？原来，俚语the boot就是“解雇，革职”的意思，记住boot用单数而不是复数哦。所以你可以说“They gave her the boot.”或者“She got the boot.”(她被开除了。)