西天山昭苏北部大哈拉军山组火山岩中辉长岩体的形成时代、地球化学特征及地质意义*

2015-03-15 12:24林靓钱青王艳玲高俊江拓刘新
岩石学报 2015年6期
关键词:辉长岩辉石哈拉

林靓 钱青 王艳玲 高俊 江拓 刘新

LIN Liang1,2,QIAN Qing1,3**,WANG YanLing4,GAO Jun1,JIANG Tuo1,2 and LIU Xin1,2

1. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,矿产资源重点实验室,北京 100029

2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049

3. 中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心,北京 100101

4. 美国罗切斯特大学地球与环境科学系,罗切斯特 NY 14627

1. Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,China

2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China

3. CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

4. Department of Earth and Environment Sciences,University of Rochester,Rochester,NY 14627,America

2014-09-10 收稿,2014-12-09 改回.

1 引言

在新疆西天山地区,广泛分布着一套由玄武岩、玄武安山岩、流纹岩、粗面岩、粗面安山岩及中酸性凝灰岩等组成的大哈拉军山组火山岩,主要在伊犁盆地南北缘的博罗科努山南坡、伊宁县彼里克溪上游地区、那拉提山、阿吾拉勒山、昭苏县、特克斯县以南的大哈拉军山和以北的伊什基里克山一带(新疆维吾尔自治区地质矿产局,1993;朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;钱青等,2006;王博等,2006;龙灵利等,2008;Wang et al.,2007b;朱志新等,2012)。部分学者认为大哈拉军山组火山岩属于裂谷火山岩系,形成于碰撞后大陆裂谷拉伸阶段(车自成等,1996;夏林圻等,2002,2004,2006;Xia et al.,2004),一些学者提出它们形成于伊犁-中天山板块受南北两侧板片俯冲而造成的大陆减薄拉张环境(李天福和杨军臣,1997;陈丹玲等,2001),其他许多学者则认为大哈拉军山组火山岩形成于大陆边缘岛弧环境,与南天山洋或北天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲有关(姜常义等,1995;赵振华等,2003;朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;钱青等,2006;王博等,2006;Wang et al.,2007b,2009;龙灵利等,2008)。

古生物地层学和同位素年代学研究表明,大哈拉军山组火山岩主体形成于晚泥盆世至早石炭世(车自成等,1994,1996;刘友梅等,1994;朱永峰等,2005,2006;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;张芳荣等,2009;李继磊等,2010)。由于这些火山岩中岩浆锆石含量较少,而继承锆石往往较多(钱青等,2006;朱永峰等,2006),不易直接确定火山岩的形成年龄。在部分地区如昭苏县夏特乡北木扎尔特河口一带,通过SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb 定年查明,早期厘定的一些大哈拉军山组火山岩(新疆维吾尔自治区地质局区域地质调查大队,1981①新疆维吾尔自治区地质局区域地质调查大队. 1981. 汗腾格里峰幅1∶20 万地质矿产图)实际上形成于早寒武世(516.3 ±7.4Ma),属于早古生代早期MORB 型蛇绿岩的残片(钱青等,2007;Qian et al.,2009)。因此,有必要对伊犁-中天山板块不同地区大哈拉军山组火山岩的形成时代进行更为明确的约束。

本文对西天山昭苏北部侵入于大哈拉军山组火山岩层上部的辉长岩体进行了Cameca 锆石U-Pb 定年和地球化学研究,通过地球化学模拟计算,探讨了辉长岩的岩石成因;通过高精度定年结果揭示辉长岩的形成时代,为限定昭苏北部大哈拉军山组火山岩以及不整合覆盖在大哈拉军山组火山岩之上的阿克沙克组沉积物的形成时代提供了制约,在此基础上,对早石炭世晚期至晚石炭世早期西天山地区的地质演化进行了探讨。

2 地质概况和岩石学特征

天山造山带位于中亚造山带的西南缘,是一个重要的古生代碰撞造山带,天山造山带在我国境内存在两条晚古生代缝合带,即中天山北缘缝合带和中天山南缘缝合带,分别由古准噶尔洋、南天山洋闭合形成,这两条缝合带将天山及其邻区分割为三个板块:准噶尔、伊犁-中天山和塔里木板块(Windley et al.,1990;Gao et al.,1998,2011;高俊等,2006;Wang et al.,2007a,2011;Han et al.,2011)。南天山洋的形成始于Rodinia 大陆的裂解(Chen et al.,1999;Jiang et al.,2015),从中-晚奥陶世至晚石炭世,南天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲,大量蛇绿岩、高压变质岩、花岗岩和岛弧火山岩的年代学以及沉积地层、古地磁资料表明南天山洋在晚石炭世(~300Ma)发生洋盆闭合(赵振华等,2003;Wang et al.,2007a;Gao et al.,2009,2011;Zhu et al.,2009;Su et al.,2010;Han et al.,2011;Li et al.,2011;Jiang et al.,2014)。准噶尔洋亦向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲,洋盆可能在晚石炭世闭合(Wang et al.,2006,2007a,b,2009)。晚石炭世-早二叠世,西天山及邻区进入后碰撞演化阶段(赵振华等,2003,2006;Zhao et al.,2008;Gao et al.,2011;Han et al.,2011)。

在昭苏县和特克斯县以北的恰普恰勒山-伊什基里克山一带,大哈拉军山组主要由紫红色或灰黑色的玄武岩和玄武安山岩夹火山碎屑岩、砂岩、灰岩组成,其中发现维宪阶(Visean)生物化石(车自成等,1994,1996)。剖面底部为厚层的紫红色火山角砾岩,剖面中下部以玄武岩和玄武安山岩为主,火山岩呈块状,其中杏仁体发育。玄武岩主要由碱性橄榄玄武岩和较少的拉斑玄武岩组成,部分玄武岩夹层具有富Fe、Ti 贫Si 的特征,属Fe-Ti 玄武岩(钱青等,2006)。玄武岩中含继承锆石(206Pb/238U 年龄从2035Ma 至440Ma),前人报道过一个岩浆锆石的206Pb/238U 年龄为320.9 ±2.2Ma(钱青等,2006)。剖面上部为近水平的火山碎屑岩、杂砂岩、灰岩夹安山岩。大哈拉军山组之上不整合覆盖了下石炭统阿克沙克组灰岩、砂岩、粉砂岩地层,二叠系铁木里克组(砾岩、砂岩)和侏罗系水西沟群(砂岩、砾岩、泥页岩夹煤层)不整合覆盖于大哈拉军山组之上,或两者呈断层接触(新疆地质局区域地质调查大队,1979a①新疆地质局区域地质调查大队. 1979a. 卡因特卡拉苏幅幅1∶20 万地质矿产图,b②新疆地质局区域地质调查大队. 1979b. 卡因特卡拉苏幅幅1∶20 万地质图)。

图1 西天山昭苏北部地质图(a)据Gao et al. (1998);(b)据新疆地质局区域地质调查大队(1979a,b). 实心五角星为辉长岩采样点Fig.1 Geological map of northern Zhaosu,western Tianshan Mountains(a)after Gao et al. (1998). Solid star means gabbro sample locality

本文报道的辉长岩体位于阿克沙克山以西约7km 处,岩体出露范围南北方向宽约300m,东西方向长约500m,岩体中心的GPS 位置为北纬43°17'50″,东经81°00'50″,海拔2750m(图1)。辉长岩侵入于大哈拉军山组的上部,中细粒块状,具辉长辉绿结构,主要由单斜辉石、斜长石及磁铁矿(<5%)组成,斜长石和单斜辉石呈自形-半自形,长度多数为1.5 ~4.0mm,斜长石大部分已经蚀变,仅存假象,单斜辉石仍较新鲜(图2),局部他形的单斜辉石包裹自形斜长石晶体,具嵌晶含长结构。

3 分析方法

图2 正交偏光下辉长岩的显微结构特征Fig. 2 Transmitted-light photomicrographs with crossed Nicols for the gabbro

锆石分选在河北省廊坊区域地质矿产调查研究所通过样品破碎、重选、磁选、手工挑纯等常规程序完成。将锆石样品与锆石标样91500(Wiedenbeck et al.,1995)和Qinghu(Li et al.,2009)粘贴在环氧树脂靶上,抛光使其曝露一半晶面,进行透射光、反射光和阴极发光照相并通过分析图像选定测试点。U、Th、Pb 的测定在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所离子探针实验室Cameca IMS-1280 型二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)上完成(分析流程见Li et al.,2009),锆石标样与锆石样品以1∶3 比例交替测定。用10nA 强度的一次O2-离子束通过- 13kV 加速电压轰击样品表面,束斑直径约~30μm。Th 和U 含量用标样91500(U =81.2 ×10-6,Th =29×10-6,Wiedenbeck et al.,1995)校正,普通Pb 校正采用实测的204Pb,由于测得的普通Pb 含量很低,假定普通Pb 主要源于制样过程中带入的表面Pb 污染,用现代地壳的平均Pb 同位素组成(Stacey and Kramers,1975)作为普通Pb 组成进行校正。以标样Qinghu(159.5Ma;Li et al.,2009)作为未知样品检测数据的精确度。单点分析的同位素比值及年龄误差为1σ,U-Pb 加权平均年龄误差为95%置信度,数据结果处理采用Isoplot 软件(Ludwig,2001)。

矿物成分在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所电子探针实验室采用日本JEOL 公司JXA-8100 型电子探针进行分析,加速电压、电流及束斑分别为15kV,20nA 和5μm,标样采用美国SPI 公司53 种矿物。

全岩主量、微量元素在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所完成。主量元素采用X 射线荧光光谱仪(XRF-1500)进行测试,样品在105℃烘干,称取岩石粉末(小于200 目样品)0.6000g 测定烧失量。使用无水高纯四硼酸锂(Li2B4O7)为助熔剂,在1100℃TR-1000S 熔炉中制成玻璃片,采用国家一级岩石标样GBW07101-07114。

微量元素采用Finnigan Element 型ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子体质谱仪)完成,称取40mg 样品粉末(小于200 目)放在Teflon 溶样罐中,加入一定量的HNO3(浓度1∶1)和HF,在200℃及150℃烤箱内分别放置一定时间,确保样品全溶。内标使用1.0mL 500 ×10-9的In。标样使用GSR1,GSR2 和GSR3,相对标准偏差≤10%。

Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd 同位素测试在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所固体同位素实验室采用德国Finnigan 公司MAT262固体质谱仪完成。Rb-Sr 和REE 的分离和纯化是在装2mL体积AG 50W-X12 交换树脂(200 ~400 目)的石英交换柱内进行,Sm 和Nd 的分离和纯化是在石英交换柱用1mL Teflon粉末为交换介质完成的。准确称取70 ~100mg 粉末样品置于Teflon 罐中,加入适量的87Rb-84Sr 和149Sm-150Nd 混合稀释剂和纯化的HF-HClO4混合试剂,密闭加热使样品完全溶解,用一定浓度盐酸提取样品并通过交换柱分离提纯。Sr 同位素比值测定采用Ta 金属带和Ta-HF 发射剂,Rb、Sm 和Nd 同位素比值测定采用Re 金属带。Nd 和Sr 同位素比值分别采用146Nd/144Nd =0.7219,86Sr/88Sr =0.1194 校正,铷-锶和钐-钕的全流程本底分别为100 ~300pg 和50 ~100pg。

4 分析结果

4.1 辉长岩的形成时代

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图3 辉长岩(YZ04)锆石的阴极发光图像(a)和U-Pb 年龄谐和图(b)Fig.3 Cathodoluminescence (CL)images (a)and U-Pb concordia diagram (b)for zircons from gabbro (Sample YZ04)

对辉长岩样品YZ04 中的锆石进行了Cameca 锆石U-Pb 定年,锆石呈浅粉色,颗粒约50 ~150μm 大小,多数为短柱状,长宽比例接近2∶1,在阴极发光图像(图3a)中显示较宽的岩浆生长环带。16 粒锆石上16 个分析点的U、Th、Pb 同位素含量及比值分析结果见表1。Th/U 比值介于1.1 ~2.5,符合岩浆锆石的特征(Rubatto and Gebauer,2000;吴元保和郑永飞,2004)。207Pb/206Pb、207Pb/235U 和206Pb/238U 加权平均年龄分别为316 ±12Ma、311.8 ±2.5Ma 和311.1 ±2.3Ma,在误差范围内一致。16 个年龄数据给出的谐和年龄为311.3±2.3Ma(图3b),代表了辉长岩体的形成年龄。

4.2 矿物成分特征

辉长岩中单斜辉石的电子探针分析结果见表2,辉石为高Ca 普通辉石,成分较为均一,变化范围为Wo42.7-43.5En41.6-45.2Fs11.2-15.5,TiO2、Al2O3、Na2O 含量分别为0.6% ~1.0%,2.3% ~3.1%,0.3% ~0.5%。辉石的Mg#[100 ×Mg/(Mg+Fe)]值介于73.6 ~80.8。

4.3 主量和微量元素特征

辉长岩及1 件大哈拉军山组顶部安山岩样品(YZ10)的主量和微量元素分析结果见表3。辉长岩的Al2O3、MgO、CaO 含量分别为13.3% ~20.4%,4.8% ~7.9%和8.9% ~10.1%,Mg#[100 ×Mg/(Mg +FeT)]值为45.5 ~65.2。辉长岩的全碱(Na2O +K2O)含量为4.4% ~5.1%,在TAS 图解(图4)中落入碱性范围。多数样品的TiO2含量介于0.8% ~1.2%范围,1 件样品(YZ09)的TiO2含量较高,达2.27%,且该样品的铁含量也较高,Fe2O3T值(15.08%)明显高于其它样品(6.9% ~9.7%),结合显微镜下观察表明,该样品Ti、Fe 含量较高主要由含钛磁铁矿的含量较高所致。类似的Fe、Ti 相对富集的现象在大哈拉军山组火山岩(钱青等,2006)以及石炭纪其它的辉长岩体(贺鹏丽等,2013)也有报道。

表2 辉长岩中单斜辉石的电子探针分析结果(wt%)Table 2 Microprobe analyses of clinopyroxene crystals in gabbro(wt%)

图4 Na2 O + K2 O-SiO2 (TAS)图解(据Middlemost,1994;Le Maitre,2002)碱性-亚碱性分界据Irvine and Baragar (1971). 大哈拉军山组火山岩数据引自钱青等(2006),图5、图6 同来源Fig.4 Na2O+K2O-SiO2(TAS)diagram(after Middlemost,1994;Le Maitre,2002)Alkaline and sub-alkaline boundary after Irvine and Baragar(1971). Data of the Dahalajunshan Formation volcanics are from Qian et al. (2006),also in Fig.5 and Fig.6. D-diorite;Ffoidolite;FG-foid gabbro;FMD-foid monzodiorite;FS-foid syenite;G-gabbro;GaD-gabbroic diorite;GD-granodiorite;M-monzonite;MD-monzodiorite; MG-monzogabbro; PG-peridotgabbro; S/QMsyenite and quartz monzonite

表3 辉长岩和安山岩的主量元素(wt%)和微量元素(×10 -6)分析结果Table 3 Major (wt%)and trace (×10 -6)elements of the gabbro and andesite

图5 西天山昭苏北部侵入岩微量元素蛛网图(a)和稀土元素配分图(b)(标准化值据Sun and McDonoug,1989)Fig.5 Primitive mantle-normalized spidergrams (a)and chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns (b)for the gabbro(normalization values after Sun and McDonough,1989)

表4 辉长岩和安山岩的Rb-Sr 和Sm-Nd 同位素组成Table 4 Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes of gabbro and andesite

在原始地幔标准化微量元素分布图和球粒陨石标准化稀土分布图中(图5),辉长岩具有以下特征:大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba 富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti 亏损,轻稀土与重稀土发生分馏。与大哈拉军山组火山岩相比,辉长岩中大多数不相容元素尤其是高度-中度不相容元素(如Ba、Th、U、K、Nb、Ta、La-Sm、Zr、Hf、Ti)的丰度更低,并且辉长岩具有显著的Sr正异常,结合Al2O3、CaO 含量较高的主量元素特征,表明辉长岩的主量、微量元素受控于单斜辉石和斜长石堆晶作用。总体上,辉长岩的不相容元素分布特征与大哈拉军山组火山岩(包括顶部的安山岩样品)十分相似(图5)。

4.4 Sr-Nd 同位素特征

辉长岩Sr-Nd 同位素组成见表4,(87Sr/86Sr)i和εNd(t)值(t=311Ma)分别为0.7048 ~0.7051 和5.42 ~5.78,变化范围很小。与昭苏北部的大哈拉军山组火山岩(钱青等,2006)相比,辉长岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i值略低,无论是辉长岩还是大哈拉军山组火山岩,Sr 同位素并无显著的海水蚀变特征。大哈拉军山组火山岩的εNd(t)变化范围(0.9 ~5.6)更大,辉长岩的Nd 同位素与大哈拉军山组火山岩中εNd(t)最高的样品相当(图6)。辉长岩和大哈拉军山组均位于地幔演化线(DePaolo and Wasserburg,1979)右侧,其εNd(t)值低于MORB 的范围。

5 讨论

5.1 辉长岩的岩石成因

阿克沙克山以西的辉长岩体侵入于大哈拉军山组火山岩层的上部,与火山岩围岩形成时代相近,且与火山岩具有相似的微量元素(图5)和Sr-Nd 同位素(图6)特征,具有富集大离子亲石元素、Nb 和Ta 亏损等特征,两者的Nb/La(0.2~0.4)、Th/Ta(2.0 ~5.8)比值也基本一致,这些特征表明辉长岩的岩浆源区与大哈拉军山组基性火山岩相似,都来自于受俯冲流体交代的富集地幔的部分熔融。εNd(t)值较高,表明地幔的富集时间距岩浆产生的时间较短,富集作用可能与古生代(早石炭世末期之前)南天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下的俯冲有关。

图6 辉长岩的εNd(t)-(87Sr/86Sr)i图解(t=311Ma)现今MORB 范围据Ito et al. (1987);地幔演化线据DePaolo and Wasserburg (1979);地球现今87 Sr/86 Sr 和143 Nd/144 Nd 值分别为0.7045 和0.512638Fig.6 εNd (t)-(87 Sr/86 Sr)i diagram (t = 311Ma)for the gabbroData for MORB are after Ito et al. (1987). The line of mantle array is after DePaolo and Wasserburg (1979). 87Sr/86 Sr and 143Nd/144Nd values for the present bulk silicate earth are 0.7045 and 0.512638,respectively

根据前人研究,昭苏北部大哈拉军山组火山岩层从下向上地球化学特征呈有规律的变化:总体上K2O/Na2O、Zr/Y比值逐渐降低,εNd(t)逐渐增加,表明随着时间推移岩浆在上升过程中受到的陆壳混染的程度逐渐降低(钱青等,2006)。辉长岩的K2O/Na2O(0.2 ~0.3)、Zr/Y(3.4 ~4.2)比值的范围与火山岩(分别为0.1 ~0.9、3.3 ~10.1)相比偏低,εNd(t)值(5.42 ~5.78)较火山岩(0.9 ~5.6)偏高,并且辉长岩的K2O/Na2O 和εNd(t)值的变化范围更小(火山岩的微量元素和Sr-Nd 同位素数据见钱青等,2006),表明与火山岩相比辉长岩受到的陆壳混染程度更低。

根据显微镜下观察,辉长岩由近等量的单斜辉石和斜长石组成,副矿物主要为少量磁铁矿。辉长岩较高的Al2O3(13.3% ~20.4%)和CaO(8.9% ~10.1%)含量以及显著的Sr 正异常(图5)特征进一步表明存在单斜辉石和斜长石的堆晶作用。假定单斜辉石-玄武质岩浆之间的Fe-Mg 交换系数[(Fe/Mg)矿物/(Fe/Mg)熔浆]为0.23(Sisson and Grove,1993),根据单斜辉石的Mg#值(73.6 ~80.8)可以计算出与辉石平衡的岩浆的Mg#值为0.40 ~0.50,远低于地幔部分熔融产生的原始岩浆的Mg#(0.66 ~0.75;Hess,1989),表明在发生辉长岩堆晶作用之前,岩浆已经发生了相当程度的结晶分离演化。另一方面,辉长岩的MgO 含量(4.8% ~7.9%)变化较大,部分辉长岩的MgO 值明显低于单斜辉石中MgO(14.3% ~15.6%)的50%,并且辉长岩的Mg#值(45.5 ~65.2)变化较大,甚至低于原始岩浆的Mg#范围,个别辉长岩样品的Mg#只略高于与辉石平衡的岩浆的Mg#值。这些特征表明,辉长岩并不是简单地形成于单斜辉石和斜长石的堆晶作用,其中还包含了一部分未能完全分离的残留岩浆。

图7 辉长岩的不相容元素模拟计算结果单斜辉石/岩浆之间的元素分配系数据Adam and Green (2006),斜长石/岩浆之间的元素分配系数据Aigner-Torres et al. (2007).Adam and Green (2006)未报道的稀土元素(Pr、Eu、Gd、Dy 和Er)分配系数通过运用晶格应力模型(Blundy and Wood,1994)进行数值模拟计算获得Fig.7 Modeling results for gabbro samples using incompatible elementsPartition coefficients for clinopyroxene and plagioclase are after Adam and Green (2006)and Aigner-Torres et al. (2007),respectively.Partition coefficients of rare earth elements (Pr,Eu,Gd,Dy and Er)not reported by Adam and Green (2006)were calculated by the latticestrain model (Blundy and Wood,1994)

对辉长岩的不相容元素进行了地球化学模拟计算,根据昭苏北部大哈拉军山组火山岩样品DV10-2(钱青等,2006)的Mg#值(48.6),得到与之平衡的辉石的Mg#为78.4,与辉长岩中辉石的成分接近,因此选择该火山岩样品代表辉长岩的母岩浆。单斜辉石、斜长石与玄武质岩浆之间的元素分配系数分别根据Adam and Green (2006)和Aigner-Torres et al.(2007),单斜辉石/岩浆之间Pr、Eu、Gd、Dy 和Er 的分配系数根据Adam and Green (2006)报道的其它稀土元素的分配系数运用晶格应力模型(lattice-strain model,Blundy and Wood,1994)进行数值模拟计算获得,模拟计算结果表明辉长岩由80% ~50%的堆晶矿物(等比例单斜辉石和斜长石)与20%~50%的残留岩浆组成(图7)。

5.2 辉长岩形成的构造环境及地质意义

伊犁地块晚古生代火山岩从晚泥盆世到早二叠世都有发育,总体可分为三个喷发旋回:晚泥盆世-早石炭世大哈拉军山组、晚石炭世伊什基里克组、早二叠世乌郎组,其中以大哈拉军山组火山活动最为强烈(朱志新等,2012)。大哈拉军山组火山岩主要分布于伊犁-中天山板块南北缘及中部的阿吾拉勒山、乌孙山一带,一些学者对火山岩中的岩浆锆石进行了U-Pb 定年,查明火山岩形成于363 ~313Ma 之间(朱永峰等,2005,2006;Zhu et al.,2009),另有学者对火山岩中的基性、中酸性侵入岩体进行了同位素定年,例如:昭苏煤矿一带呈岩枝状侵入于大哈拉军山组的花岗闪长岩体形成于348.4 ±0.8Ma(徐学义等,2006),昭苏县城南部阿登套地区侵入于大哈拉军山组的A 型花岗岩形成于354.2 ±2.3Ma和339.5 ±2.3Ma(李继磊等,2010),阿吾拉勒山东段智博铁矿一带大哈拉军山组中的闪长岩和花岗岩侵入体分别形成于318.9 ±1.5Ma 和304.1 ±1.8Ma(Zhang et al.,2012),限定大哈拉军山组火山岩的时代主要介于晚泥盆世至早石炭世末期。然而,对大哈拉军山组火山岩的构造环境存在不同的认识,部分学者认为大哈拉军山组火山岩形成于碰撞后大陆裂谷环境(车自成等,1996;夏林圻等,2002,2004,2006;Xia et al.,2004),而另有学者认为成于大陆边缘岛弧环境,与南天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲(姜常义等,1995;赵振华等,2003;朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2005,2009;钱青等,2006;龙灵利等,2008)或北天山洋向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲(王博等,2006;Wang et al.,2007b,2009)有关。另外,对南天山洋盆的俯冲极性也存在不同认识(南天山洋盆以发育榴辉岩-蓝片岩的中天山南缘缝合带为标志。文献中存在古天山洋、中天山洋等不同称呼,如Lin et al.,2009;Charvet et al.,2011;Wang et al.,2011),一些学者则认为南天山洋盆向南俯冲,在晚泥盆世-早石炭世洋盆闭合(Lin et al.,2009;Charvet et al.,2007,2011;Wang et al.,2011),其他学者则认为南天山洋盆向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲(Gao et al.,1998,2009;杨天南等,2006;朱志新等,2006;Han et al.,2011;Dong et al.,2012;Jiang et al.,2014;田亚洲等,2014)。近年来,对西天山阿克牙子河一带榴辉岩中锆石的SIMS U-Pb 定年获得了319.5 ±2.9Ma 和318.7 ±3.3Ma 的峰期变质年龄(Su et al.,2010),榴辉岩中金红石(封闭温度约500℃)的SIMS U-Pb 定年获得了318 ±7Ma 年龄(Li et al.,2011)。蓝片岩中白云母的Rb-Sr 等时线年龄和40Ar/39Ar 年龄分别为313 ~302Ma 和323 ~312Ma(Klemd et al.,2005)。根据宏观上具有活动陆缘地球化学特征的岩浆岩分布于高压变质岩和蛇绿岩带以北的特征,我们判断大哈拉军山组应该形成于活动陆缘环境,南天山洋盆应向伊犁-中天山板块之下俯冲。

在大哈拉军山组火山岩之上,不整合覆盖了早石炭世维宪期的阿克沙克组海相灰岩,阿克沙克组沉积岩之上又不整合覆盖了晚石炭世伊什基里克组,后者主要由火山碎屑岩和中酸性火山熔岩组成,局部灰岩和砂岩沉积夹层中含腕足和植物碎片(新疆地质局区域地质调查大队,1979a,b;朱志新等,2012)。朱志新等(2012)指出,晚泥盆世-早石炭世大哈拉军山组火山岩与板块俯冲有关,伊什基里克组火山岩为挤压环境向拉张环境过度的产物。本文研究结果表明:(1)阿尔恰勒山以西辉长岩的形成时代(311.3 ±2.3Ma)属晚石炭世早期,与伊什基里克组火山岩的时代大致相同,略晚于榴辉岩的峰期变质时代;(2)昭苏北部大哈拉军山组火山岩中发现320.9 ±2.2Ma 的岩浆锆石(钱青等,2006),在大哈拉军山组与伊什基里克组之间发育了阿克沙克组沉积岩,因此该地区大哈拉军山组火山活动可能在早石炭世末期结束,阿克沙克组沉积岩应形成于320 ~311Ma 之间;(3)辉长岩与大哈拉军山组中的基性火山岩具有相似的岩浆源区,其母岩浆均形成于受俯冲流体交代的富集地幔的部分熔融(区别仅在于岩浆发生的构造环境发生了俯冲向拉张的转变)。与本文辉长岩大体同时期的岩浆活动在伊犁-中天山地块广泛分布,例如:玉希莫拉盖达坂、拉尔敦达坂北坡粗面安山岩的年龄为313 ~316Ma(朱永峰等,2005;Zhu et al.,2009),特克斯县城东北哈拉达拉橄长岩-辉长岩形成于308.3 ±1.8Ma(薛云兴和朱永峰,2009),古洛沟以北的布鲁斯台辉长岩形成于316.8 ±2.1Ma(田亚洲等,2014),阿吾拉勒山西段木汗巴斯陶一带角闪辉长岩形成于317.0 ± 2.2Ma(刘新等,2012),上述岩浆活动也可能形成于俯冲结束之后从挤压环境向拉张环境过度的构造环境。

6 结论

(1)西天山昭苏北部辉长岩形成于晚石炭世早期(311.3±2.3Ma),具有富集大离子亲石元素、亏损高场强元素、较高εNd(t)值(5.42 ~5.78)的地球化学特征,与大哈拉军山组中的基性火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征,可能由受俯冲流体富集的地幔楔发生部分熔融形成。

(2)模拟计算表明,辉长岩由80% ~50%的等比例单斜辉石和斜长石堆晶矿物与20% ~50%的残留岩浆组成。与火山岩围岩相比,辉长岩受到陆壳混染的程度相对较低。

(3)辉长岩的形成年龄与伊犁-中天山板块中伊什基里克组火山岩的时代相当,略晚于西天山榴辉岩的峰期变质时代。与辉长岩同时期的岩浆岩在伊犁-中天山板块南缘广泛存在,可能形成于俯冲结束之后从挤压环境向拉张环境过度的构造环境。

致谢 主量、微量元素分析分别在李禾、王红月、薛丁帅和靳新娣老师的指导下完成,Sr-Nd 同位素分析在李潮峰、李金荣老师指导下完成,矿物探针分析得到毛骞、马玉光老师的帮助,锆石靶由马红霞老师精心制作,阴极发光图像照相得到闫欣、杨赛红老师的帮助,Cameca 锆石U-Pb 定年得到凌潇潇、李娇、杨亚楠、李秋立、李献华、刘宇、唐国强老师的帮助。朱永峰、朱志新、徐兴旺三位老师提出了宝贵的审稿意见,在此表示衷心感谢。

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