【摘要】目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC)中胆道并发症的预防及治疗。方法 我院在2005年3月~2013年12月所做的3 000例LC手术中,其中有6例(包括外院转入1例)胆道损伤的患者,选取这些患者作为研究对象。结果 7例患者右肝管夹闭1例,二次手术,去除钛夹,痊愈出院,胆总管成角部分夹闭1例,术后延迟黄疸,二次手术探查,去除钛夹缝扎胆囊管,胆道探查,“T”管引流3个月,痊愈,胆总管横断1例,肝总管横断2例,均术中发现行胆总管原位吻合,“T”管引流6个月,痊愈,肝总管横断均行胆肠吻合术Roux-en-y吻合口放置支架引流3个月痊愈,左右肝管全部清扫断,术后胆汁性腹膜炎,二次手术行肝门部胆管空肠盆式吻合1例。结论 胆道损伤分主观原因和客观原因,主观上的大意及解剖的变异是LC导致胆道损伤的常见原因,胆道损伤重在预防,及时发现,尽早处理才能获得满意的预后。
【文献标识码】B
【文章编号】1674-9308(2015)04-0109-01
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-9308.2015.04.093
作者单位:463000 河南省驻马店市中心医院普外二科
The Experience of Diagnosis and Treatment of Bile Duct Injury in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
WANG Zhimin REN Hongliang, Second Department of general surgery, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the prevention and treatment of biliary complications duing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods During March 2005 to December 2013, there were 3 000 cases of LC surgery conducted in our hospital, among them, 6 cases had biliary injury and were taken as the research object. Results In 6 patients, 1 case had right hepatic tube clip and was taken secondary surgery to remove titanium clamp, recovery angles bravery clip happened in 1 case, postoperative delayed jaundice, and was taken secondary surgery to remove the titanium crack cystic duct, biliary tract probe, the "T" tube drainage for 3 months. Common bile duct transection happened in 1 case. 2 cases had hepatic duct transection, and the current common bile duct anastomosis in situ, the "T" tube drainage for six month. Hepatic duct transection were biliary intestinal anastomosis Roux en-y anastomotic stent drainage, 3 months left and right hepatic duct cleaning off entirely, postoperative bile peritonitis, secondary surgical resection of the hepatic door bile duct jejunum tub of 1 case. Conclusion There are subjective reasons and objective reasons for biliary injury, prevention measures, timely detection and early treatment can achieve a satisfactory outcome.
[Key words] Laparoscopic, Cholecystectomy, Biliary injury
随着腹腔镜设备的完善,外科医生操作技术的成熟,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC)已成为临床胆囊良性病变的金标准术式,随着开展例数的增加,学习曲线的问题(表述不清),各种并发症发生率也随之增高,其中胆道损伤(bile duct injury,BDI)是严重的并发症,我院在2005年3月~2013年12月所做的3 000例LC手术中,有6例(包括外院转入1例)发生胆道损伤,发生率为2‰。分析胆道损伤发生原因,总结预防和治疗措施。
1 临床资料
本组6例中男4例,女2例,年龄37~76岁,平均52岁,术前彩超均确诊胆囊结石,损伤类型右肝管夹闭1例,二次手术,去除钛夹,痊愈出院,胆总管成角部分夹闭1例,术后延迟黄疸,二次手术探查,去除钛夹缝扎胆囊管,胆道探查,“T”管引流3个月,痊愈,胆总管横断1例,肝总管横断2例,均术中发现行胆总管原位吻合,“T”管引流6个月,痊愈,肝总管横断均行胆肠吻合术Roux-en-y吻合口放置支架引流3个月痊愈,左右肝管全部清扫断,术后胆汁性腹膜炎,二次手术行肝门部胆管空肠盆式吻合1例。
2 讨论
2.1 BDI的发生分主观原因及客观原因
2.1.1 主观原因 术者对Clot三角的解剖变异认识不足够,盲目自信,一味追求“微创”降低中转率,大综病例显示术者在学习曲线(learning curve)的峰值区易出现高损伤率,AL-kabati等的一项最新关于LC导致BDI的临床研究中,发生于经验丰富的医师中占80%,肝外BDI的发生率较高,应采取相应措施避免二次手术 [1]。
2.1.2 客观原因 胆囊炎反复发作,胆囊三角区粘连,胆管变异、Mirizzi综合症等是BDI发生的危险因素,Mirizzi综合症是胆囊结石引起的胆囊炎肝外胆道良性机械性梗阻,复发性胆管炎。炎性肿大的胆囊、胆囊管(结石颈部嵌顿)对肝外胆管的压廹,反复炎症致Clot三角区呈冰冻样粘连,极易诱发BDI;患者过度肥胖导致胆囊三角内脂肪堆积或粘连成团,左肝肥大或胆囊三角周围舌叶干扰,分离过程中出血,胃肠胀气或麻醉不稳定,导致暴露欠佳等因素使操作难度加大,增加BDI的发生率 [2]。本组患者1例从外院转入,因采用连续硬膜外麻醉,操作暴露困难患者腹胀难忍,体位扭动,仓促施夹,致术后胆漏,胆汁性腹膜炎,1周后才开腹腹腔引流,教训深刻。
2.2 BDI的预防
在LC手术中BDI的预防是最关键的。Clot三角区尽量冷分离,向左下外侧牵开胆囊壶腹,张开胆囊管与肝总管间的夹角,紧贴胆囊壁分离,必要时可保留胆囊壶腹后壁部分浆膜层 [3];胆囊管尽量在无张力的情况下离断,以防胆管牵拉成角,误将胆总管夹闭;离断胆囊管及胆囊动脉要用剪刀锐性剪断,电凝电灼会有热传导,致钛夹松动甚至脱落,造成胆漏;取出胆囊第一时间检查标本,及时发现BDI;在遇到Clot三角脂肪堆积,急性水肿或胆囊三角冰冻样粘连,解剖关系不清楚时,解剖应从壶腹部开始,向胆囊管方向分离,先外侧、外后侧分离,再内侧三角分离,坚持“宁伤胆囊不伤胆管”的原则 [4];先打开胆囊壶腹部前后浆膜,剥离出胆囊壁,必要时可前后贯通,紧贴壶腹部的胆囊壁向下打开Clot三角前后浆膜,坚持显示形似“象头,象鼻”样的胆囊壶腹向胆囊管移行逐渐变细的特征性结构后,再处理胆囊管 [5];解剖不清,分离困难尽早中转开腹。