陈瑶++尚杰
摘要畜牧业作为重要的产业部门,在满足人们生活物质要求的同时,成为全球温室气体排放的主要源头。本文以我国四大牧区为研究对象,量化测算其2001-2011年畜禽温室气体排放量,并运用LMDI模型对其影响因素进行定量分解,并针对性的提出畜禽温室气体减排的对策建议。结果表明:内蒙古、西藏和青海牧区的畜禽温室气体排放整体呈现增加趋势,其分别由2001年的1 609.81万t、1 230.64万t和1 019.94万t增加到2011年的2 617.71万t、1 350.10万t和1 065.43万t,新疆牧区则呈现先增加后下降的趋势,由2001年的1 666.37万t增加到2006年的2 057.79万t,随后又递减到2011年的1 419.91万t,四大牧区的年均增长率分别为6.26%、0.97%、0.45%和-1.48%;经济水平的提升是四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的最主要因素,相比基期2001年,其使得四大牧区分别产生了123.64%、384.41%、1 715.50%和279.49%的温室气体排放增量;经济效率对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放具有较强的抑制作用,对四大牧区畜禽温室气体的减排效应分别达到了73.08%、199.04%、955.66%和503.25%,农业产业结构因素和劳动力因素对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的影响因地而异,其中农业产业结构因素对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的影响度分别为415.32万t、-154.96万t、48.76万t和30.72万t,劳动力因素的影响度分别为83.05万t、52.98万t、-348.96万t和274.32万t。最后,本文基于研究结论,总体上从规模养殖、科学养殖和清洁养殖三方面提出促进四大牧区畜禽温室气体减排的对策建议,并针对各个牧区的实际情况提出一些可操作的符合区域畜牧业发展实际的对策。
关键词畜禽业;温室气体排放;LMDI模型;减排政策
中图分类号S168文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)12-0089-07doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412012
以全球变暖为主要特征的全球气候气象问题,成为人类经济社会可持续发展不得不面临的问题,而由人为温室气体排放导致的全球气候变暖则愈发得到全世界的关注。现代农业作为一个重要的产业部门,在满足人类最基本的物质需求的同时,大量化学生产资料和畜禽粪便等使得农业成为重要的温室气体排放源头,而畜牧业温室气体则主要源于反刍动物肠胃发酵产生的CH4、畜禽粪便处理产生的CH4和N2O[1],从动物种类来看,反刍动物产生的温室气体排放最多,其次为猪,最少的是鸡。而根据《牲畜的巨大阴影:环境问题与选择》(FAO)中的相关调查数据显示全球每年仅由牛、羊、马、骆驼、猪和家禽的温室气体排放量的CO2当量占到了全球人为温室气体排放量的18%。随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们对肉、蛋、奶等畜禽产品的大量需求,促进了我国畜牧业的迅速发展,然而快速发展的畜禽业引起了巨大的环境污染和温室气体排放,对周边的生态环境带来巨大的压力[2]。我国是一个农业大国,畜牧业在国民经济中占有重要地位,关系国计民生,关系到以牧为主的边疆民族地区经济的发展和民族间的团结和谐。因此,畜牧业要继续稳定发展是肯定的。但是,我国是一个高度负责任的国家,在保护地球,保护人类的家园的大事上,应责无旁贷地行动起来。这就决定了未来我国畜牧业的发展必须走低碳畜牧业经济发展的道路,需要转变粗放的生产方式[3]。内蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆作为我国的四大牧区,其畜牧产业的规模化、现代化发展为国内畜禽产品的生产做出重要的贡献,但是四大牧区的生态环境极为脆弱,以畜禽废弃物污染、温室气体排放等为代表的畜禽环境问题使得牧区的畜禽持续发展面临巨大的挑战。
1文献回顾
近年来国内外大量的学者、专家和相关机构开始强化对畜禽业温室气体排放问题的关注,并做了广泛的具有开创性的研究,取得了一系列的理论和实证研究成果。对这些文献进行系统的梳理,发现其具有一定的特征。从研究的起步时间和研究深度来看,国外专家的研究起步相对较早,且研究领域较为宽泛,研究深度较好,而国内则相对处于起步阶段,相关研究相对滞后;从研究内容上来看,主要集中于畜禽温室气体排放的产生机理、温室气体减排的市场和行政措施,多从微观领域入手,而国内则侧重于概念描述、温室气体减排措施和区域畜禽温室气体排放量的测算等,多从中观和宏观领域入手。在影响因素的研究上,主要通过各种数学模型研究特定时间序列,进行影响因素分解,常见的模型有Kaya公式、回归模型、IPAT模型、STIRPAT模型、迪氏对数指标分解LMDI等,这些因素分解的模型各有自身特定的适用性,在实际的应用中也取得了一定的成绩[4]。胡向东、王济民测算了我国2000-2007年的畜禽温室气体排放量,结果发现我国畜禽温室气体排放呈现先上升后下降的趋势[5]。詹晶、张俊娜、邓荣荣运用回归模型分析了我国畜牧业甲烷排放的影响因素并提出适合我国低碳畜牧业的路径,结果发现猪和羊是我国畜牧业甲烷排放的最主要贡献者,并从饲料调节、粪便管理和政府调控三个方面提出我国低碳畜牧业发展的路径[6]。还有大量的学者对温室气体排放及其影响因素进行了研究,但是这些文献主要集中在能源消耗领域,因而忽视了其它的方面。本文选取牛、羊、马、骡、驴、骆驼、猪、家禽和兔等动物为研究对象,测算我国四大牧区2001-2011的畜禽温室气体排放,并基于LMDI模型对其影响因素进行分解。
陈瑶等:四大牧区畜禽业温室气体排放估算及影响因素分解中国人口·资源与环境2014年第12期2研究方法与理论
2.1畜禽温室气体排放量的测算方法
结合相关的文献,我们知道畜禽温室气体排放主要源于反刍动物肠胃发酵产生的CH4、畜禽粪便处理产生的CH4和N2O,其中反刍动物最多,因此畜禽温室气体排放量的测算必须从此视角入手。本文选取牛、羊、马、骡、驴、骆驼、猪、家禽和兔等动物作为研究对象,借鉴前人的关于各畜禽的温室气体排放系数,测算四大牧区的畜禽温室气体排放量。其具体的测算方法如下:
其中,Et、ECH4和EN2O分别表示畜牧业总的温室气体排放量、CH4和N2O排放量。为了便于统一标准,根据增热效应,将CH4和N2O转化成CO2当量,其转化系数分别为21和310。Ni表示第i种动物的平均饲养量,αi和βi表示第i种动物的CH4和N2O排放因子。目前国内关于畜禽温室气体排放的测算方法主要分为两种,一种是借助IPCC国家间温室气体排放指南及其排放系数,另一种是在IPCC的基础上,根据各省的收集参数(采食量、饲料种类、动物生产参数、气温、粪便管理方式、CH4转化率等)确定温室气体的排放系数,但是这样比较复杂,且不太成熟,因此本文采用前一种方式,但是可能使得区域间的差异化无法体现出来。由于各种动物的饲养周期不同,需要根据动物的出栏量和年末存栏量对平均饲养量进行调整,参考胡向东[4]提出的出栏率进行调整。当出栏率大于1时,其平均饲养量用出栏量除以365乘以其生命周期,主要有生猪、家禽和兔,其生命周期分别为200天[5]、55天[7]和105天[5]。对于出栏率小于1的动物,其平均饲养量由相邻两年年末存栏量的平均数表示。CH4的排放主要源于反刍动物的肠道发酵和动物粪便管理,N2O的排放主要源于动物的粪便管理。本文动物CH4的排放因子来源于2006年IPCC国家间温室气体排放指南[8], N2O的排放因子来源于胡向东[5],非奶牛是取黄牛和水牛的平均值。具体的排放因子见表1。
2.3数据来源及处理
牛、羊、马、骡、驴、骆驼、猪、家禽和兔等动物存栏量和出栏量、畜牧业产值、农林牧渔总产值以及从事农业生产的劳动力数量均出自于四大牧区的统计年鉴。考虑到GDP不具有纵向可比性,因此本文中的畜牧业产值和农林牧渔总产值以2001年为基准年,换算为可比的实际产值。
3.2.3畜禽温室气体排放结构比较
反刍动物的肠胃发酵的温室气体排放量最多,而粪便管理产生的温室气体排放量次之。经过测算,四大牧区反刍动物的肠胃发酵的温室气体排放量最多,这也和相关文献成果相一致。以2011年为例,内蒙古牧区反刍动物肠胃发酵温室气体排放量为1 459.51万t二氧化碳当量,占到了整个牧区畜禽温室气体排放的55.76%;西藏牧区反刍动物肠胃发酵温室气体排放占总排放量的64.03%,青海牧区则占到62.27%,新疆牧区占到了55.67%;而粪便管理中产生的温室气体主要是氧化亚氮,以2011年的新疆牧区为例,粪便管理产生的氧化亚氮为547.11万t二氧化碳当量,占到了畜禽粪便管理产生的温室气体排放总量的86.91%。在肠道发酵温室气体排放中,各个牧区间差异化明显,内蒙古牧区排放最多的是羊,其次是其他牛,而奶牛的贡献率逐渐增加,且在2011年超过了其他牛,位居第二;西藏牧区和青海则主要以其他牛为主,且远远超过其他畜禽种类;新疆牧区温室气体排放最多的是羊、其次是奶牛。由此,我们可以发现内蒙古牧区的畜禽温室气体排放源短期来看主要是羊,长期来看是奶牛;西藏和青海牧区畜禽温室气体排放源则主要是其他牛;新疆牧区畜禽温室气体排放第一大源是羊,而奶牛是其温室气体排放的第二大因素。
3.3测算结果的准确性评价
关于我国畜禽温室气体排放的权威数据相对缺乏,世界银行曾统计中国农业甲烷排放由1991年的70 502.5 t增加到2010年的102 046.0 t。对于缺少四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的数据的情况,本文结合一些学者的研究成果,进行比较分析。胡向东,王济民(2010)测算得出西藏、新疆和内蒙古的畜禽甲烷排放分别为41.41万t、50.15万t和70.45万t[5],闵继胜,胡浩(2012)测算出内蒙古2008年的畜禽甲烷和氧化亚氮排放分别为64.55万t和4.55万t[10],田云,张俊飚,李波(2012)测算发现2010年内蒙古、西藏、青海和新疆的肠道发酵和粪便管理的碳排放分别为447.85万t和64.17万t、267.90万t和12.27万t、203.59万t和11.60万t、247.37万t和28.94万t[11]。经过对比分析,本文的测算结果和前人的研究成果基本相一致。
4基于LMDI模型的四大牧区畜禽温室气体影响因素分解本文基于LMDI因素分解模型、温室气体排放测算数据和相关统计数据,并借助Excel运算工具,从生产效率、产业结构、经济水平、劳动力等四个方面对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的影响因素进行量化分解,得到各个影响因素的具体值,详见表3。对其进行分析,我们可以得到以下结论:
(1)经济水平的快速提升是导致四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放增加的最主要影响因素。相比2001年,经济水平的提升分别使得内蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆四大牧区产生了1 246.12万t、780.47万t、459.22万t和688.83万t的温室气体增量,分别占到了其总效应的123.64%、1 715.50%、384.41%和279.49%。畜禽业的快速发展是实现农业、农村发展和农民增收的主要途径,是实现“农民收入倍增计划”和社会主义新农村的前提条件。由此,我们可以发现牺牲经济发展以实现畜禽温室气体减排是不现实的,即在未来很长一段时间内,经济水平的提升依然是导致我国畜禽温室气体排放的最主要因素,这是由现实经济社会条件所决定的。
(2)畜禽生产效率对畜禽温室气体排放具有较强的抑制作用。相比基期的2001年,畜禽生产效率的提升分别使得内蒙古、青海、西藏和新疆四大牧区的畜禽温室气体减排736.59万t、434.78万t、237.78万t和1 240.33万t,分别占到了总温室气体排放效应的-73.08%、-955.66%、-199.04%和503.25%。经济效率的提升,对畜禽温室气体减排的效果明显,这就为四大牧区乃至全国畜禽温室气体减排指明了方向,要实现畜禽温室气体的减排就务必要提升其产出效率。不难预测,在今后一段时间内,效率因素依然是畜禽温室气体减排的最主要推动因素。
(3)农业产业结构对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的影响程度因地而异。农业产业结构因素对内蒙古、新疆和青海牧区畜禽温室气体排放呈现正向促进作用,且在内蒙古牧区这种促进作用最大,相比2001年,农业产业结构导致内蒙古畜禽温室气体排放增加了415.32万t,而新疆牧区则增加了30.72万t,差异化较为明显;而农业产业结构因素对西藏牧区的畜禽温室气体排放呈现抑制作用,相比2001年,其对西藏牧区畜禽温室气体的减排效应为154.96万t,减排效果仅次于经济效率。
(4)劳动力因素对四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的影响效果较小,且对四大牧区的影响程度亦因地而异。新疆牧区和青海牧区中劳动力因素对畜禽温室气体排放的影响程度大于其经济结构因素,内蒙古牧区和西藏牧区的劳动力因素的影响程度均小于经济效率、农业产业结构和经济水平三个影响因素的影响程度。从作用方向来看,劳动力因素对内蒙古、西藏和新疆牧区的畜禽温室气体排放呈现正向促进作用,相比基期2001年,其分别导致了83.05万t、提高畜禽养殖的规模化、集约化和标准化,可以有效提升单产水平,可以在减少动物养殖数量的同时减少单位产品的温室气体排放水平[12],这样就能提升畜禽养殖的产出效率,不仅可以实现农牧民的经营收入,还可以实现畜禽温室气体的减排。在表3中可以看出效率的提升是四大牧区畜禽温室气体排放的最大抑制因素,尤其是新疆,然而,目前四大牧区中的内蒙古、西藏和青海的效率因素并不是特别凸显,畜禽养殖主要以散养和放羊为主,养殖规模较小,畜禽产出效率较低。对此,四大牧区要针对自身特点,因地制宜,多措施并行,以全面的提升其畜禽产出效率,切实降低畜禽温室气体的排放强度,实现畜禽温室气体的减排和牧区生态环境的改善。
5.2科学养殖
除了青海之外,其他牧区的劳动力因素成为畜禽温室气体排放的重要推动力,这主要是由于广大牧民的专业技术培训不足,总体素质较低,为此要强化相关农牧民的专业技术培训,实现科学养殖。反刍动物的肠胃发酵产生的CH4是畜禽温室气体排放的重要源头。附着在瘤胃中的原虫表面的产甲烷菌是CH4产生的载体,而减少瘤胃中原虫的数量可以有效减少CH4产量的20%-50%[10]。科学的饲养技术能有效减少畜牧业的温室气体排放,研究表明合理的精饲料比例可以有效提升饲料利用效率,减少温室气体排放,而采食量与CH4产量呈现正向相关,合理采食量的确定也是减排的重要手段。优良动物品种的培育也是畜牧业温室气体减排的重要措施,有研究表明奶牛的能源投入产出比为14∶1,羊为50∶1,蛋鸡为26∶1,猪为17∶1,火鸡为13∶1,在同样的饲料消耗下不同畜禽品种的生产效率差别较大,其温室气体排放也存在明显差别,即使同样的动物品种,杂交优选品种的生产效率就会高很多。因此,四大牧区畜禽温室气体减排必须遵循科学养殖,通过调整饲料结构、抑制产甲烷菌生长、培育优良畜禽品种、粪便无害化处理等手段,在提升畜禽生产效率的同时减少温室气体排放。
5.3清洁养殖
经济水平的提升和人民生活水平的提升,使得畜禽产品的需求迅速增加,进而导致了畜禽温室气体排放量的增加,以内蒙和青海最为明显,同时作为牧区,畜牧业以外的农业产业发展水平较低,产业结构不合理。为此,各大牧区尤其是新疆、内蒙和西藏要充分发挥地域文化和景观特色,发展观光农业和生态农业等,优化农业产业结构。其中,最为重要的是要推动畜禽废弃物的清洁化处理,动物粪便是畜禽的CH4和N2O排放的主要贡献者,合理的粪便管理措施可以有效减少环境污染的同时减少温室气体排放。四大牧区畜禽养殖大多是非集约化的,其动物粪便的无害化、资源化处理水平几乎为零。而规模较大的养殖场的粪尿处理设施管理水平差,设施利用效率低下,造成粪便处理水平较低。为此,必须综合各种措施强化大中型养殖场的动物粪便就地无害化、资源化处理水平,有效利用粪便处理设施,同时在有条件的地方建设沼气工程,发展沼气产业。对交通方便的散养户,应以政府为主导,采用“车辆流动收集方式”,将分散的动物粪便集中起来进行资源化再利用。
(编辑:田红)
参考文献(References)
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[6]詹晶, 张俊娜, 邓荣荣.我国畜牧业低碳化发展的路径选择——基于畜牧业排放源对甲烷增长的回归分析[J].广西社会科学,2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]
[7]刘培芳, 陈振楼, 许世远,等.长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]
[8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.
[9]徐国泉, 刘则渊, 姜照华.中国碳排放的因素分解模型及实证分析:1995-2004[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]
[10]闵继胜,胡浩.中国农业生产温室气体排放量的测算[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]
[11]田云, 张俊飚, 李波.中国农业碳排放研究:测算、时空比较及脱钩效应[J].资源科学, 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]
[12]李胜利, 金鑫, 范学珊,等. 反刍动物生产与碳减排措施[J].动物营养学报, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]
Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of
Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas
CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3
(1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;
2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;
3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)
AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.
Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy
[5]胡向东, 王济民.中国畜禽温室气体排放量估算[J].农业工程报,2010,26(10):247-252.[Hu Xiangdong, Wang Jimin. Estimation of Livestock Greenhouse Gases Discharge in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010,26(10): 247-252.]
[6]詹晶, 张俊娜, 邓荣荣.我国畜牧业低碳化发展的路径选择——基于畜牧业排放源对甲烷增长的回归分析[J].广西社会科学,2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]
[7]刘培芳, 陈振楼, 许世远,等.长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]
[8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.
[9]徐国泉, 刘则渊, 姜照华.中国碳排放的因素分解模型及实证分析:1995-2004[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]
[10]闵继胜,胡浩.中国农业生产温室气体排放量的测算[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]
[11]田云, 张俊飚, 李波.中国农业碳排放研究:测算、时空比较及脱钩效应[J].资源科学, 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]
[12]李胜利, 金鑫, 范学珊,等. 反刍动物生产与碳减排措施[J].动物营养学报, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]
Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of
Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas
CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3
(1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;
2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;
3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)
AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.
Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy
[5]胡向东, 王济民.中国畜禽温室气体排放量估算[J].农业工程报,2010,26(10):247-252.[Hu Xiangdong, Wang Jimin. Estimation of Livestock Greenhouse Gases Discharge in China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2010,26(10): 247-252.]
[6]詹晶, 张俊娜, 邓荣荣.我国畜牧业低碳化发展的路径选择——基于畜牧业排放源对甲烷增长的回归分析[J].广西社会科学,2012,(9):50-54.[ Zhan Jing, Zhang Junna,Deng Rongrong. The Low Carbon Development Path Selection of Livestock in China based on Animal Sources of Methane and Regression Analysis[J].Guangxi social science, 2012,(9):50-54.]
[7]刘培芳, 陈振楼, 许世远,等.长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):457.[Liu Peifang, Chen Zhenlou, Xu Shiyuan, et al. Waste Loading and Treatment Strategies on the Excreta of Domestic Animals in the Yangtze Delta[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2002,11(5):457.]
[8]IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Volume 4: Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC,2006.
[9]徐国泉, 刘则渊, 姜照华.中国碳排放的因素分解模型及实证分析:1995-2004[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2006, 16(6):158-161.[Xu Guoquan, LiuZeyuan, Jiang Zhaohua. Decomposition Model and Empirical Study of Carbon Emissions for China,1995-2004[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(6): 158-161.]
[10]闵继胜,胡浩.中国农业生产温室气体排放量的测算[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012,22 (7): 21-27.[Min Jisheng, Hu Hao. Calculation of Greenhouse Gases Emission from Agricultural Production in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment,2012,22(7):21-27.]
[11]田云, 张俊飚, 李波.中国农业碳排放研究:测算、时空比较及脱钩效应[J].资源科学, 2012, 34(11):2097-2105.[Tian Yun,Zhang Junbiao,Li Bo. Agricultural Carbon Emissions in China: Calculation, SpatialTemporalComparison and Decoupling Effects[J]. Resources Science, 2012, 34(11):2097-2015.]
[12]李胜利, 金鑫, 范学珊,等. 反刍动物生产与碳减排措施[J].动物营养学报, 2010, 22(1):2-9.[Li Shengli, Jinxin, Fan Xueshan,et al. Ruminant Production and Carbon Emission Reduction Measures[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):2-9.]
Estimation and Effecting Factor Decomposition of Green House Gas Emission of
Animal Husbandry Industry in Four Pastoral Areas
CHEN Yao1,2SHANG Jie1,3
(1. School of Economics and Management, Northeast Forestry University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150040,China;
2. Publishing Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Heilongjiang Harbin 150030,China;
3. College of Management, Heilongjiang University of Scinece and Technology, Harbin Heilongjiang 150080,China)
AbstractAnimal husbandry industry as an important industrial department, not only met the peoples material life requirements, but also became the main source of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we took the four major pastoral areas of China as the research objects, and measured the 2001-2011 livestock emissions of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, LMDI model was used for quantitative analysis on the influence factors, and proposed the suggestions for livestock greenhouse gas emission reduction. The results showed that: the pastoral livestock greenhouse gas emissions of Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qinghai presented the increasing trend, in 2001, the indexes were 1 609.81 million tons, 1 230.64 million tons and 1 019.94 million tons, respectively, in 2011 they were increased to 2 617.71 million tons, 1 350.10 million tons and 1 065.43 million tons. But in the pastoral area of Xinjiang, it showed a downward trend after the first increasing, increased from 1 666.37 million tons in 2001 to 2 057.79 million tons in 2006, then decreased to 1 419.91 million tons in 2011. An annual average increaseing rate of four pastoral areas was 6.26%, 0.97%, 0.45% and -1.48%, respectively, and the main reason for livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas was the economic development. Compared with 2001, it made the four major pastoral areas produced 123.64%, 384.41%, 1 715.50% and 279.49%, respectively increment of greenhouse gas emissions; economic efficiency had strong inhibitory effects on livestock greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas, and its emission reduction effects on livestock greenhouse gas were 73.08%, 199.04%, 955.66% and 503.25% respectively, in the four major pastoral areas. The effect of agricultural industrial structure and labor force factors on livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in four major pastoral areas varied by regions.The agricultural structure factors which affected livestock and poultry greenhouse gas emissions in the four major pastoral areas were 415.32 million tons, -154.96 million tons, 48.76 million tons and 30.72 million tons, impact of labor factors were 83.05 million tons, 52.98 million tons, -348.96 million tons and 274.32 million tons. Finally, based on the research conclusion, from the scale breeding, scientific farming and polluting culture, we put forward some suggestions for reducing the livestock greenhouse gas emission in the four major pastoral areas, and put forward some feasible countermeasures for local animal husbandry actual development according to the actual situations in various pastoral areas.
Key wordsanimal husbandry industry; greenhouse gas emission; LMDI model; emission reduction policy