黄建新+黄建平+张旸+张黎仙+杨坤荣+陈清泉
[摘要] 目的 了解福建汉族人群肽酰脯氨酰基顺反异构酶1(Pin1)基因rs2233678(-842G/C)和rs2233679(-667T/C)多态性分布规律及其与肺癌发生、发展的关系。 方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,对80例汉族肺癌患者和135例健康对照的Pin1基因启动子进行扩增并对PCR产物直接测序,分析Pin1基因启动子多态性与肺癌易感性及其临床病理学特征的关系。 结果 rs2233678位点只检测到GG和GC两种基因型,没有检测到CC基因型。rs2233678和rs2233679位点的等位基因和基因型分布在肺癌组和健康对照组中比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);其组成的单体型C-C、G-C和G-T均与肺癌发生风险无相关性(P>0.05),rs2233678的基因型分布与肺癌的临床病理学特征无相关性(P>0.05),rs2233679的基因型分布与肺癌病理类型呈弱相关(r=0.285,P=0.010)。 结论 rs2233678和rs2233679多态性可能与福建汉族人群肺癌易感性无关,rs2233679的基因型分布与肺癌病理类型有一定的相关性。
[关键词] 肺癌;肽酰脯氨酰基顺反异构酶1;多态性;易感性
[中图分类号] R734.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)10(c)-0004-04
肽酰脯氨酰基顺反异构酶1(peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1,Pin1)是一种高度保守、特异的肽脯氨酰基顺反异构酶,能特异性地催化磷酸化丝/苏-脯氨酸基序发生顺反异构,影响许多癌基因信号通路中β-catenin[1]、NF-кB[2]等关键蛋白的活性和稳定性,在细胞增殖和肿瘤发生、发展中起重要作用[3],被认为是一种新的肿瘤预后因子和抗癌治疗的靶标[3-6]。Pin1基因多态性的研究主要集中在启动子区的-842G/C(rs2233678)和-667T/C(rs2233679)两个多态性位点上。流行病学研究显示,Pin1基因多态性与乳腺癌、肝癌、肺癌、食管癌、头颈部鳞癌及喉部鳞癌等多种肿瘤易感性密切相关,但研究结果存在明显的分歧:有些研究者认为,-842G/C的C基因变异是肿瘤发生的保护因子,可以降低亚洲人和白种人群头颈部鳞癌、肺癌和乳腺癌的发病风险[7-11];有些研究显示,-667T基因可以明显降低亚洲人群的肿瘤易感性[8];还有研究认为-842G/C[12]和-667T/C[7,10-12]与肿瘤的易感性无关。至今仍未见Pin1基因多态性与福建地区汉族人群肺癌易感性的报道,因此,为明确Pin1基因多态性与肺癌易感性和临床病理特征的关系,本研究对福建汉族肺癌患者Pin1基因的rs2233678(-842G/C)和rs2233679(-667T/C)多态性位点进行分析。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2013年7~12月在本院住院并手术确诊的80例肺癌患者作为肺癌组,其中男性52例(65.0%),女性28例(35.0%);平均年龄为(59.1±11.8)岁;腺癌54例(67.5%),鳞癌17例(21.3%),其他类型肺癌9例(11.2%)。同时选取同期135例体检正常者作为健康对照组,其中男性79例(58.5%),女性56例(41.5%);平均年龄为(57.6±11.3)岁。两组的年龄、性别比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有研究对象均为出生并长期生活在福建地区的汉族人。
1.2 检测方法
1.2.1 基因组DNA抽提 知情同意后,取患者及健康对照外周静脉血2 ml,EDTA抗凝。所有标本置入-20℃保存备用或立即按试剂盒操作步骤进行DNA提取。全血基因组DNA抽提试剂盒由北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司提供。
1.2.2 PCR引物及PCR反应 应用Primer 5.0软件自行设计引物,上游引物:5′-AGGGTTCTATGCTAGGTGAACTG-3′;下游引物:5′-TATTGGCTAGACGCGCTCTG-3′(生工生物工程上海股份有限公司合成),该引物扩增产物为919 bp,包含Pin1基因启动子区-842G/C(rs2233678)和-667T/C(rs2233679)区域。根据文献[13]配制PCR反应体系,在ABI 2720型PCR仪上95℃预变性5 min后,进行95℃ 30 s→55℃ 30 s→72℃ 1 min,循环35次,72℃再延伸10 min。1.5%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察结果。
1.2.3 PCR产物纯化和回收 使用普通琼脂糖凝胶DNA回收试剂盒(天根生化科技有限公司),按使用说明操作,进行PCR产物的纯化和回收。
1.2.4 测序 纯化后的PCR产物用全自动测序仪(ABI377型,Applied Biosystems公司)进行测序。
1.2.5 临床病理资料收集 收集所有肺癌患者的病理组织类型及TNM分期等资料,并记录所有研究对象的年龄、性别等一般资料。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS 18.0统计软件对数据进行分析和处理,计量资料以x±s表示,采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,相关性强度采用Spearman相关分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 Pin1基因rs2233678和rs2233679位点的各基因型
对80例肺癌组和135例健康对照组的Pin1基因rs2233678和rs2233679位点进行测序分析,rs2233678位点只检测到GG和GC两种基因型,未检测到CC基因型;rs2233679位点TT、TC和TT三种基因型均可检测到。rs2233678和rs2233679位点的各基因型见图1。
2.2 Pin1基因rs2233678和rs2233679基因型频率、单体型频率及其与肺癌易感性的关系
肺癌组和健康对照组中Pin1基因rs2233678和rs2233679位点基因型频率分布符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律;rs2233678和rs2233679等位基因、基因型和单体型频率在肺癌组和健康对照组中比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(表1)。
2.3 Pin1基因rs2233678和rs2233679基因型与肺癌临床病理学特征的关系
Pin1基因rs2233678基因型频率与病理类型、TNM分期无关(P>0.05);rs2233679基因型频率与病理类型呈弱相关(r=0.285,P=0.010)(表2、表3)。
3 讨论
Pin1基因定位于19p13,编码含163个氨基酸残基的核蛋白Pin1,相对分子量为18,包含两个功能结构域:N端的WW区和C端的肽基脯氨酰异构酶活性区[3]。Pin1在许多肿瘤中高表达[14-15],不仅可以引起多条肿瘤信号通路关键蛋白的构象变化[2],而且影响DNA的损伤修复[16],在肿瘤的发生、发展中起重要作用。
本研究首次描述了福建汉族人群Pin1基因rs2233678和rs2233679位点的多态性分布规律,发现rs2233678和rs2233679位点的等位基因、基因型分布及其单体型均与肺癌风险无关,rs2233679基因型分布与肺癌的病理类型仅呈弱相关,与Naidu等[12]对乳腺癌的研究基本一致。与本研究结果不一致的是Lu等[11]发现rs2233678的C基因变异明显降低患肺癌的风险,进一步的功能研究发现C基因变异可以降低转录活性;Zhu等[8]发现rs2233679的T基因型明显降低亚洲人的患癌易感性。相关研究发现rs2233679多态性与患癌风险无关[7,11]。研究结果不一致,一方面可能是样本量的大小不同所致,另一方面可能是不同地区的患者可能有不同的种族或遗传背景所致[11,17]。这些差异可能会改变多态性位点的等位基因和基因型频率在病例组和对照组中的分布,进而影响多态性位点与患癌风险的统计效力,因此,有必要进行多地区、多种族的大样本量研究来进一步证实Pin1基因多态性与肺癌易感性的关系。
综上所述,Pin1基因rs2233678和rs2233679位点多态性可能与福建汉族肺癌风险无关,rs2233679的基因型分布与肺癌病理类型有一定的相关性,这为Pin1多态性与肿瘤易感性的研究丰富了数据,也为无法手术的肺癌患者的病理类型推测提供了思路。当然,由于本研究的样本量有限,也没有进行rs2233678和rs2233679基因型与Pin1表达量及活性的研究,因此,有关Pin1基因多态性与肺癌易感性仍有待于进一步深入研究。
[参考文献]
[1] Ryo A,Nakamura M,Wulf G,et al.Pin1 regulates turnover and subcellular localization of beta-catenin by inhibiting its interaction with APC[J].Nat Cell Biol,2001,3(9):793-801.
[2] Ryo A,Liou YC,Lu KP,et al.Prolyl isomerase Pin1:a catalyst for oncogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in cancer[J].J Cell Sci,2003,116(Pt 5):773-783.
[3] Lu KP,Zhou XZ.The prolyl isomerase PIN1:a pivotal new twist in phosphorylation signalling and disease[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2007,8(11):904-916.
[4] Lee TH,Pastorino L,Lu KP.Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase Pin1 in ageing,cancer and Alzheimer disease[J].Expert Rev Mol Med,2011,13:e21.
[5] Finn G,Lu KP.Phosphorylation-specific prolyl isomerase Pin1 as a new diagnostic and therapeutic target for cancer[J].Curr Cancer Drug Targets,2008,8(3):223-229.
[6] Yoon HE,Kim SA,Choi HS,et al.Inhibition of Plk1 and Pin1 by 5′-nitro-indirubinoxime suppresses human lung cancer cells[J].Cancer Lett,2012,316(1):97-104.
[7] Zhenzhen L,Ning S,Xianghua L.Association of rs2233678 and rs2233679 polymorphisms in the PIN1 gene with cancer risk:a meta-analysis[J].Tumour Biol,2014,35(1):433-440.
[8] Zhu YM,Liu JW,Xu Q,et al.Pin1 promoter rs2233678 and rs2233679 polymorphisms in cancer:a meta-analysis[J].Asian Pac J Cancer Prev,2013,14(10):5965-5972.
[9] Xu HR,Xu ZF,Sun YL,et al.The -842G/C polymorphisms of PIN1 contributes to cancer risk:a meta-analysis of 10 case-control studies[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e71516.
[10] Peng JJ,Wei D,Li D,et al.Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PIN1 promoter region and cancer risk:evidence from a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e70990.
[11] Lu J,Yang L,Zhao H,et al.The polymorphism and haplotypes of PIN1 gene are associated with the risk of lung cancer in Southern and Eastern Chinese populations[J].Hum Mutat,2011,32(11):1299-1308.
[12] Naidu R,Har YC,Taib NA.Analysis of peptidyl-propyl-cis/trans isomerase 1(PIN1)gene -842(G>C)and -667(T>C)polymorphic variants in relation to breast cancer risk and clinico-pathological parameters[J].Scand J Clin Lab Invest,2011,71(6):500-506.
[13] Chen Q,Xue H,Chen M,et al.High serum trypsin levels and the -409 T/T genotype of PRSS1 gene are susceptible to neonatal sepsis[J].Inflammation,2014,37(5):1751-1756.
[14] Bao L,Kimzey A,Sauter G,et al.Prevalent overexpression of prolyl isomerase Pin1 in human cancers[J].Am J Pathol,2004,164(5):1727-1737.
[15] Ibanez K,Boullosa C,Tabares-Seisdedos R,et al.Molecular evidence for the inverse comorbidity between central nervous system disorders and cancers detected by transcriptomic meta-analyses[J].PLoS Genet,2014,10(2):e1004173.
[16] Brenkman AB,de Keizer PL,van den Broek NJ,et al.The peptidyl-isomerase Pin1 regulates p27kip1 expression through inhibition of forkhead box O tumor suppressors[J].Cancer Res,2008,68(18):7597-7605.
[17] Li Q,Dong Z,Lin Y,et al.The rs2233678 polymorphism in PIN1 promoter region reduced cancer risk:a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(7):e68148.
(收稿日期:2014-08-11 本文编辑:李亚聪)
[9] Xu HR,Xu ZF,Sun YL,et al.The -842G/C polymorphisms of PIN1 contributes to cancer risk:a meta-analysis of 10 case-control studies[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e71516.
[10] Peng JJ,Wei D,Li D,et al.Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PIN1 promoter region and cancer risk:evidence from a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e70990.
[11] Lu J,Yang L,Zhao H,et al.The polymorphism and haplotypes of PIN1 gene are associated with the risk of lung cancer in Southern and Eastern Chinese populations[J].Hum Mutat,2011,32(11):1299-1308.
[12] Naidu R,Har YC,Taib NA.Analysis of peptidyl-propyl-cis/trans isomerase 1(PIN1)gene -842(G>C)and -667(T>C)polymorphic variants in relation to breast cancer risk and clinico-pathological parameters[J].Scand J Clin Lab Invest,2011,71(6):500-506.
[13] Chen Q,Xue H,Chen M,et al.High serum trypsin levels and the -409 T/T genotype of PRSS1 gene are susceptible to neonatal sepsis[J].Inflammation,2014,37(5):1751-1756.
[14] Bao L,Kimzey A,Sauter G,et al.Prevalent overexpression of prolyl isomerase Pin1 in human cancers[J].Am J Pathol,2004,164(5):1727-1737.
[15] Ibanez K,Boullosa C,Tabares-Seisdedos R,et al.Molecular evidence for the inverse comorbidity between central nervous system disorders and cancers detected by transcriptomic meta-analyses[J].PLoS Genet,2014,10(2):e1004173.
[16] Brenkman AB,de Keizer PL,van den Broek NJ,et al.The peptidyl-isomerase Pin1 regulates p27kip1 expression through inhibition of forkhead box O tumor suppressors[J].Cancer Res,2008,68(18):7597-7605.
[17] Li Q,Dong Z,Lin Y,et al.The rs2233678 polymorphism in PIN1 promoter region reduced cancer risk:a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(7):e68148.
(收稿日期:2014-08-11 本文编辑:李亚聪)
[9] Xu HR,Xu ZF,Sun YL,et al.The -842G/C polymorphisms of PIN1 contributes to cancer risk:a meta-analysis of 10 case-control studies[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e71516.
[10] Peng JJ,Wei D,Li D,et al.Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PIN1 promoter region and cancer risk:evidence from a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(8):e70990.
[11] Lu J,Yang L,Zhao H,et al.The polymorphism and haplotypes of PIN1 gene are associated with the risk of lung cancer in Southern and Eastern Chinese populations[J].Hum Mutat,2011,32(11):1299-1308.
[12] Naidu R,Har YC,Taib NA.Analysis of peptidyl-propyl-cis/trans isomerase 1(PIN1)gene -842(G>C)and -667(T>C)polymorphic variants in relation to breast cancer risk and clinico-pathological parameters[J].Scand J Clin Lab Invest,2011,71(6):500-506.
[13] Chen Q,Xue H,Chen M,et al.High serum trypsin levels and the -409 T/T genotype of PRSS1 gene are susceptible to neonatal sepsis[J].Inflammation,2014,37(5):1751-1756.
[14] Bao L,Kimzey A,Sauter G,et al.Prevalent overexpression of prolyl isomerase Pin1 in human cancers[J].Am J Pathol,2004,164(5):1727-1737.
[15] Ibanez K,Boullosa C,Tabares-Seisdedos R,et al.Molecular evidence for the inverse comorbidity between central nervous system disorders and cancers detected by transcriptomic meta-analyses[J].PLoS Genet,2014,10(2):e1004173.
[16] Brenkman AB,de Keizer PL,van den Broek NJ,et al.The peptidyl-isomerase Pin1 regulates p27kip1 expression through inhibition of forkhead box O tumor suppressors[J].Cancer Res,2008,68(18):7597-7605.
[17] Li Q,Dong Z,Lin Y,et al.The rs2233678 polymorphism in PIN1 promoter region reduced cancer risk:a meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2013,8(7):e68148.
(收稿日期:2014-08-11 本文编辑:李亚聪)