黄瑛
[摘要] 目的 探讨氯沙坦对老年冠心病患者内皮祖细胞(EPCs)的动员作用及改善血管内皮功能的机制。方法 选取老年冠心病患者65例,随机分为对照组 32例 和观察组 33例 ,分别给予常规药物和常规药物+氯沙坦治疗,检测治疗前后血EPCs及NO和内皮素-1(ET-1)。 结果 治疗后观察组EPCs及NO水平高于对照组(P<0.05),ET-1明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。观察组氯沙坦治疗后EPCs与NO呈现正相关(r=0.421, P=0.014),与ET-1呈现负相关(r=-0.398, P=0.021)。结论 氯沙坦能够改善老年冠心病患者内皮功能,其作用机制可能是通过对EPCs的动员作用而发挥功能。
[关键词] 氯沙坦;内皮祖细胞;冠心病;内皮功能;一氧化氮
[中图分类号] R541.4 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)27-0030-03
[Abstract] Objective To study effects of losartan on the mobilization of EPCs and its mechanism of improving endothelial function in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Methods A total of 65 elderly patients with coronary heart disease were randomly divided into control group (32 cases) and observation group (33 cases), the former were given conventional medicine and the latter conventional medicine with losartan. The EPCs , NO and endothelin-1(ET-1) were detected before and after treatment. Results There was no difference between the two groups before treatment in general information (P<0.05); After treatment, EPCs and NO in observation group were statistically higher than that in the control group(P<0.05), but ET-1 was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.01). EPCs and NO were positively correlated in observation group(r=0.421, P=0.014); EPCs and ET-1 showed a significant negative correlation (r=-0.398, P=0.021). Conclusion Losartan can improve the function of vascular endothelial in elderly patients with coronary heart disease, and it may be achieve this goal through the mobilization of EPCs.
[Key words] Losartan; Endothelial progenitor cells; Coronary heart disease; Endothelial function; Nitric oxide
冠心病是由于冠状动脉粥样硬化致冠脉狭窄、阻塞致心肌缺血缺氧或坏死而引起的心脏病,损伤应答学说认为内皮细胞的损伤是其发病的始动环节。冠心病在老年人中发病率特别高,这与老年人血管老化、内皮功能减退有关。近年来国内外研究表明,由骨髓释放入外周的循环内皮祖细胞(endothelial progenitor cells,EPCs)可以自我更新、增殖、迁移、黏附于受损内皮处并分化为成熟的内皮细胞,从而修复损伤的血管内皮。冠心病患者外周血液中EPCs不仅数量减少,同时伴有增殖及分化成熟功能的减退[1],鉴于EPCs的重要作用,针对EPCs水平和功能的调控成为冠心病药物治疗的新靶点[2]。研究证实,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体(AT1受体)拮抗药ARB不仅具有舒张血管、降血压、防治心血管重构,还具有独立于此之外的改善内皮功能的作用[3],但目前对于其作用机制的阐释还不确切。基于此我们选择了ARB类药物氯沙坦,研究氯沙坦对老年冠心病患者EPCs的动员作用,探讨其改善血管内皮功能的可能机制。
1对象与方法
1.1研究对象
选取2011年1月~2014年1月在我院接受治疗同时经冠状动脉造影明确诊断为冠心病的老年患者65例作为研究对象,年龄 60~75岁 ;所有入选患者近2个月未发生急性心梗;无合并严重肝肾功能障碍及脑梗死等脑血管意外;无合并糖尿病及服用降糖药物;无合并难以控制的高血压及瓣膜性心脏病等。所有患者临床资料完整,随机分为两组,一组给予常规药物治疗作为对照组32例,另一组给予常规药物加+氯沙坦治疗,作为观察组33例。两组患者一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
1.2定义及标准
冠心病的诊断标准参考2001年美国心脏病协会制定的AHA/ACC指南[4,15]:①有心肌缺血的典型心绞痛病史,心电图存在缺血性改变的表现; ②冠状动脉造影证实存在狭窄病变。对照组常规治疗药物口服拜阿司匹林100 mg qd;单硝酸异山梨酯片20 mg bid;阿托伐他汀20 mg睡前1次;盐酸曲美他嗪20 mg tid,观察组除上述药物外加服氯沙坦50 mg qd,服药时间为3个月。氯沙坦采用默沙东公司产氯沙坦钾片(科素亚,批号国药准字H20000371)。endprint
外周血EPCs的检测采用流式细胞术。内皮功能的评价采用血清NO和内皮素-1(ET-1)两项指标。其中NO采用化学比色法测定,ET-1采用放射免疫法 (以上相关试剂均由武汉生物技术有限公司提供,严格按照说明书操作)。治疗前后分别于清晨空腹抽取静脉血用于上述指标的检测。
1.3观察指标
比较观察组和对照组一般临床资料(包括两组受试者治疗前血清EPCs、NO和ET-1水平); 受试者治疗后血清EPCs水平; 受试者治疗后NO和ET-1水平; 观察组治疗后的EPCs水平与NO和ET-1的相关性。
1.4统计学方法
采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,率的比较使用χ2检验,相关性分析采用Pearson相关性检验。P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1治疗后两组受试者EPCs、 NO、ET-1的比较
两组受试者治疗后观察组EPCs值显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.01);治疗后观察组NO明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);治疗后观察组ET-1明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.01),见表2。
3讨论
随着人们生活水平的提高以及诊疗水平的不断进步,老年患者冠心病的发病率逐年增加,越来越受到关注。在冠心病的发病过程中,内皮功能的损伤被认为在其发生和发展过程中发挥了关键的作用,因而内皮功能的检测具有重要的意义。本研究选择血清NO和ET-1两项指标检测内皮功能。NO和ET-1都由血管内皮细胞分泌,NO作为血管内皮细胞舒张因子,对于血管舒张,调节血压具有重要的作用,其生成减少与冠心病密切相关。ET-1是目前已知的最强的血管收缩因子,当内皮功能减退时,血液中NO水平相应降低,而ET-1水平则相应升高。对于NO和ET-1目前已有深入的研究,检测方法成熟可靠,所以本研究选择这两种方法作为评估内皮功能的指标[5, 6]。
循环血液中的内皮祖细胞(EPCs)来源于骨髓中的干细胞巢,静止状态下骨髓干细胞巢中的造血干细胞与基质细胞通过整联蛋白连接,在后者的诱导下发生增殖、分化出EPCs前体细胞。当收到外界环境如炎症、氧化应激等刺激时,EPCs前体细胞与骨髓基质细胞分离,通过循环血液到达相应的作用部位,这一系列过程称为EPCs的动员[7]。在冠心病发病过程中,内皮细胞功能受损,启动EPCs的动员。但是老年患者随着年龄增长,骨髓造血功能逐渐衰退,EPCs动员过程变得更为困难,而内皮功能的修复难度也相应增大。因此改善内皮功能、动员EPCs 成为治疗老年患者冠心病新的切入点[8]。血管紧张素Ⅱ受体(AT1受体)拮抗药(ARB)具有独立的改善内皮功能的作用,但目前对于其作用机制的阐释还不确切,我们选择了ARB类药物氯沙坦[9],研究氯沙坦对老年冠心病患者EPCs动员及对内皮功能的改善作用,探讨其改善血管内皮功能的可能机制。
本研究发现,在基线水平观察组与对照组EPCs与代表内皮功能的NO和ET-1等指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后观察组EPCs水平较对照组明显增高。阿司匹林及他汀类药物对EPCs也存在影响,在常规治疗药物中同时服用这两类药物,我们设置了对照组以排除干扰,观察组较对照组EPCs改善更为明显提示氯沙坦能有效的启动EPCs的动员过程,提高循环血液中的EPCs数量,EPCs可以分化为内皮细胞参与内皮功能的修复。治疗后观察组NO明显高于对照组,ET-1明显低于对照组,提示氯沙坦治疗能明显改善内皮功能。观察组冠心病患者氯沙坦治疗后EPCs水平与NO变化呈现显著正相关,与ET-1呈现显著负相关,因此我们推断氯沙坦能够通过对EPCs的动员起到改善内皮功能的作用,这与国外某些研究结论相一致[10-12]。Matsuura K等[2]研究认为,血管紧张素Ⅱ加速内皮功能障碍及动脉粥样硬化的进展,外周血中骨髓来源的EPCs有助于血管修复和血管生成,但高血压及糖尿病会抑制EPCs的内源性修复,加速粥样硬化的发展。外周血中EPCs的数量与心血管事件的发生及死亡率呈负相关。血管紧张素Ⅱ在氧化应激、炎症、胰岛素抵抗等因素介导下能够导致EPCs功能障碍,因此,以氯沙坦为代表的血管紧张素Ⅱ受体(AT1受体)拮抗药ARB能够成为增强EPCs功能的新的治疗靶点。
研究显示,炎症以及氧化应激等众多因素都能够对EPCs的动员产生影响。炎症反应产生的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)等诸多炎症因子能够刺激EPCs的动员,促进EPCs向内皮细胞的转化及新生血管的生成。氧化应激状态下,提别是冠心病等长期持续性刺激下活性氧类物质通过减弱抗氧化酶的作用,以及过度的炎症刺激可降低EPCs的增殖、分化能力并加快EPCs的耗竭[13]。ARB类药物可以阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ受体介导的炎症和氧化应激等刺激,从而改善EPCs动员,间接提高内皮功能[14,15]。
综上所述,我们的研究结果证实了氯沙坦在提高老年冠心病患者EPCs动员、改善内皮功能方面的作用,为氯沙坦在冠心病的治疗提供了新的理论依据。
[参考文献]
[1] 白小涓. 内皮祖细胞在动脉粥样硬化易损斑块中的作用[J]. 中国动脉硬化杂志, 2011,(7):543-546.
[2] Matsuura K, Hagiwara N. The pleiotropic effects of ARB in vascular endothelial progenitor cells[J]. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 2011,9(2):153-157.
[3] Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhou LN, et al. ARB treatment prevents the decrease in endothelial progenitor cells and the loss of renal microvasculature in remnant kidney[J]. Am J Nephrol, 2011,33(6):550-557.endprint
[4] Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventin heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology[J]. Circulation, 2001,104(13):1577-1579.
[5] Lemarie CA, Shbat L, Marchesi C, et al. Mthfr deficiency induces endothelial progenitor cell senescence via uncoupling of eNOS and downregulation of SIRT1[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,300(3):745-753.
[6] Leung JW, Wong WT, Koon HW, et al. Transgenic mice over-expressing ET-1 in the endothelial cells develop systemichypertension with altered vascular reactivity[J]. PLOS ONE, 2011,6(11):e26994.
[7] Gao D, Nolan DJ, Mellick AS, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells control the angiogenic switch in mouse lungmetastasis[J]. Science,2008,319(5860):195-198.
[8] Jialal I, Devaraj S, Singh U, et al. Decreased number and impaired functionality of endothelial progenitor cells insubjects with metabolic syndrome: Implications for increased cardiovascular risk[J]. Atherosclerosis,2010,211(1):297-302.
[9] Yao EH, Fukuda N, Matsumoto T, et al. Losartan improves the impaired function of endothelial progenitor cells inhypertension via an antioxidant effect[J]. Hypertens Res, 2007,30(11):1119-1128.
[10] Matsuura K, Hagiwara N. The pleiotropic effects of ARB in vascular endothelial progenitor cells[J]. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 2011,9(2):153-157.
[11] Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhou LN, et al. ARB treatment prevents the decrease in endothelial progenitor cells and the loss of renal microvasculature in remnant kidney[J]. Am J Nephrol, 2011,33(6):550-557.
[12] 吴志莲,沈小梅,杜瑞,等. 血管紧张素受体在内皮祖细胞凋亡中的作用[J]. 中国心血管杂志,2010,(3):230-232.
[13] Grisar JC, Haddad F, Gomari FA, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disease and chronic inflammation: From biomarker to therapeutic agent[J]. Bio mark Med, 2011,5(6):731-744.
[14] Suzuki R, Fukuda N, Katakawa M, et al. Effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker on the impaired function ofendothelial progenitor cells in patients with essential hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens,2014,27(5):695-701.
[15] 叶礼新,宋晓娜,喻佳, 等. 320排动态容积CT冠状动脉成像在隐匿性冠状动脉疾病筛查中的应用评价[J].解放军医药杂志,2012,24(7):34-37.
(收稿日期:2014-05-28)endprint
[4] Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventin heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology[J]. Circulation, 2001,104(13):1577-1579.
[5] Lemarie CA, Shbat L, Marchesi C, et al. Mthfr deficiency induces endothelial progenitor cell senescence via uncoupling of eNOS and downregulation of SIRT1[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,300(3):745-753.
[6] Leung JW, Wong WT, Koon HW, et al. Transgenic mice over-expressing ET-1 in the endothelial cells develop systemichypertension with altered vascular reactivity[J]. PLOS ONE, 2011,6(11):e26994.
[7] Gao D, Nolan DJ, Mellick AS, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells control the angiogenic switch in mouse lungmetastasis[J]. Science,2008,319(5860):195-198.
[8] Jialal I, Devaraj S, Singh U, et al. Decreased number and impaired functionality of endothelial progenitor cells insubjects with metabolic syndrome: Implications for increased cardiovascular risk[J]. Atherosclerosis,2010,211(1):297-302.
[9] Yao EH, Fukuda N, Matsumoto T, et al. Losartan improves the impaired function of endothelial progenitor cells inhypertension via an antioxidant effect[J]. Hypertens Res, 2007,30(11):1119-1128.
[10] Matsuura K, Hagiwara N. The pleiotropic effects of ARB in vascular endothelial progenitor cells[J]. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 2011,9(2):153-157.
[11] Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhou LN, et al. ARB treatment prevents the decrease in endothelial progenitor cells and the loss of renal microvasculature in remnant kidney[J]. Am J Nephrol, 2011,33(6):550-557.
[12] 吴志莲,沈小梅,杜瑞,等. 血管紧张素受体在内皮祖细胞凋亡中的作用[J]. 中国心血管杂志,2010,(3):230-232.
[13] Grisar JC, Haddad F, Gomari FA, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disease and chronic inflammation: From biomarker to therapeutic agent[J]. Bio mark Med, 2011,5(6):731-744.
[14] Suzuki R, Fukuda N, Katakawa M, et al. Effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker on the impaired function ofendothelial progenitor cells in patients with essential hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens,2014,27(5):695-701.
[15] 叶礼新,宋晓娜,喻佳, 等. 320排动态容积CT冠状动脉成像在隐匿性冠状动脉疾病筛查中的应用评价[J].解放军医药杂志,2012,24(7):34-37.
(收稿日期:2014-05-28)endprint
[4] Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventin heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology[J]. Circulation, 2001,104(13):1577-1579.
[5] Lemarie CA, Shbat L, Marchesi C, et al. Mthfr deficiency induces endothelial progenitor cell senescence via uncoupling of eNOS and downregulation of SIRT1[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2011,300(3):745-753.
[6] Leung JW, Wong WT, Koon HW, et al. Transgenic mice over-expressing ET-1 in the endothelial cells develop systemichypertension with altered vascular reactivity[J]. PLOS ONE, 2011,6(11):e26994.
[7] Gao D, Nolan DJ, Mellick AS, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells control the angiogenic switch in mouse lungmetastasis[J]. Science,2008,319(5860):195-198.
[8] Jialal I, Devaraj S, Singh U, et al. Decreased number and impaired functionality of endothelial progenitor cells insubjects with metabolic syndrome: Implications for increased cardiovascular risk[J]. Atherosclerosis,2010,211(1):297-302.
[9] Yao EH, Fukuda N, Matsumoto T, et al. Losartan improves the impaired function of endothelial progenitor cells inhypertension via an antioxidant effect[J]. Hypertens Res, 2007,30(11):1119-1128.
[10] Matsuura K, Hagiwara N. The pleiotropic effects of ARB in vascular endothelial progenitor cells[J]. Curr Vasc Pharmacol, 2011,9(2):153-157.
[11] Yu Y, Wang Y, Zhou LN, et al. ARB treatment prevents the decrease in endothelial progenitor cells and the loss of renal microvasculature in remnant kidney[J]. Am J Nephrol, 2011,33(6):550-557.
[12] 吴志莲,沈小梅,杜瑞,等. 血管紧张素受体在内皮祖细胞凋亡中的作用[J]. 中国心血管杂志,2010,(3):230-232.
[13] Grisar JC, Haddad F, Gomari FA, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells in cardiovascular disease and chronic inflammation: From biomarker to therapeutic agent[J]. Bio mark Med, 2011,5(6):731-744.
[14] Suzuki R, Fukuda N, Katakawa M, et al. Effects of an angiotensin II receptor blocker on the impaired function ofendothelial progenitor cells in patients with essential hypertension[J]. Am J Hypertens,2014,27(5):695-701.
[15] 叶礼新,宋晓娜,喻佳, 等. 320排动态容积CT冠状动脉成像在隐匿性冠状动脉疾病筛查中的应用评价[J].解放军医药杂志,2012,24(7):34-37.
(收稿日期:2014-05-28)endprint