间充质干细胞治疗慢性皮肤溃疡研究进展

2014-10-16 01:20吉海杰王黎明王建刚吴明远
转化医学杂志 2014年4期
关键词:充质纤维细胞骨髓

吉海杰,刘 洋,王黎明,王建刚,吴明远

慢性皮肤溃疡又称难治性皮肤溃疡,是一种常见难治性疾病,具有病因复杂、病程长和反复发作特点,可引起皮肤表皮和部分真皮甚至皮下脂肪缺损。流行病学研究表明,我国住院患者人群中该病发生率为1.7‰,致病因素包括糖尿病、外伤、压迫和感染等,其中糖尿病为主要原因[1]。目前,我国糖尿病患者约9 200万[2],15% ~25%患者在其疾病过程中将发生足溃疡[3]。间充质干细胞是来源于发育早期中胚层的一种成体干细胞,具有自我复制和定向分化潜能特点,由于其可通过旁分泌效应和向类皮细胞分化参与创伤愈合的各个阶段[4],具有治疗皮肤溃疡的潜在价值。现就皮肤创伤愈合机制及慢性皮肤溃疡治疗现状、间充质干细胞生物学特性及其在治疗慢性皮肤溃疡研究方面的最新进展综述如下。

1 皮肤创伤愈合机制及慢性皮肤溃疡治疗现状

1.1 皮肤创伤愈合机制 皮肤创伤愈合是一个多种细胞和细胞因子参与的复杂过程,包括炎症期、增生期和重塑期3个阶段,按照一定空间和时间顺序有条不紊地发生。创伤发生后创面血管损伤血液渗漏,血液在凝固止血的同时释放多种因子,趋化炎性细胞向创面迁移引起红、肿、热、痛,其周围组织发生急性炎症。增生期成纤维细胞、内皮细胞和新生毛细血管共同构成肉芽组织填充裂隙,肉芽组织内胶原纤维逐渐增多,使得其硬度与张力强度随之增加,逐渐变为纤维组织架接于断裂的组织之间,即瘢痕修复;同时,上皮细胞、成骨细胞和成软骨细胞等增生促进伤口边缘上皮新生,直到伤口初步愈合。在重塑期,随着机体状态的好转和活动恢复,瘢痕组织内的胶原纤维含量和排列受到各种酶、运动应力的作用发生变化,恢复生理功能。一旦受到感染、组织坏死、缺血和炎症等因素影响,创伤微环境发生紊乱,组织修复的愈合过程发生障碍,进而发生慢性皮肤溃疡。

1.2 慢性皮肤溃疡的治疗现状 目前,尚无慢性皮肤溃疡治疗指南,临床上多采用清创术、负压疗法、抗感染药物及敷料处理,这些方法都达不到兼具促进创面愈合和保护创面的作用,治疗效果不尽人意。创伤愈合是细胞因子与效应细胞相互作用的结果,因此外源性细胞因子的局部使用可有效促进创伤愈合[5]。1997年美国食品和药物管理局批准重组人血小板源生长因子凝胶用于糖尿病晚期肢端溃疡愈合与修复。一项采用重组人血小板源生长因子凝胶治疗慢性皮肤溃疡临床研究结果表明,治疗组50%患者创面完全愈合,中位愈合时间86 d,而对照组为35%和127 d[6]。目前,国内已经有数种细胞因子药物用于慢性皮肤溃疡的治疗,包括重组人表皮生长因子、重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、重组牛碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、重组人粒细胞巨噬细胞刺激因子和重组人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子。研究发现,富血小板血浆中含有高浓度的多种生长因子,自体来源的富血小板血浆在临床上具有良好的应用前景[7]。另外,美国食品和药物管理局按照Ⅲ类医疗器械先后批准Apligraf和Dermagraft-TM 2种组织工程皮肤用于慢性皮肤溃疡的治疗[8-9]。

2 间充质干细胞生物学特性

早期发现骨髓中存在一种能贴附培养皿呈长梭形的成纤维样细胞,由于该细胞培养时呈克隆生长,最初定义为成纤维细胞样集落,后来证实骨髓来源基质细胞具有自我更新和分化能力并命名为间充质干细胞。除骨髓外,机体多种组织均含有间充质干细胞,如脂肪、肌肉、肝脏和脐带[10]。目前,间充质干细胞尚无公认的生物学标志,国际干细胞治疗协会发布了鉴定间充质干细胞的最低标准[11]:贴壁生长;表达 CD73、CD90 和 CD105,不表达 CD34、CD45、CD14、CD19和人类白细胞抗原-DR;体外可诱导分化为脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞。另外,间充质干细胞可分泌可溶性物质、细胞外基质及细胞表面分子等蛋白参与细胞迁移、维持局部微环境[12],其中旁分泌的可溶性蛋白因子具有重要意义。研究发现,在人胚胎干细胞来源的间充质干细胞培养上清液中可检测到201种因子,包括血管生成因子、造血因子、趋化因子等[13]。

3 间充质干细胞治疗皮肤溃疡研究

3.1 间充质干细胞治疗皮肤溃疡动物研究 骨髓是构建和维持造血、免疫系统的重要器官,其也参与维持皮肤组织的稳态。一项研究证实,C57BL/6小鼠植入绿色荧光蛋白嵌合体小鼠骨髓后部分皮肤成纤维细胞可表达绿色荧光蛋白[14];另一项研究也发现,C57BL/6小鼠植入氯甲基苯甲酰氨荧光染料标志的Flk-1+间充质干细胞(来源白色BALB/C小鼠骨髓)后背部出现白色毛发[15]。这2项研究结果表明,骨髓间充质干细胞是参与维持皮肤组织稳态的效应细胞。不同来源间充质干细胞均可促进皮肤溃疡面愈合。脂肪来源间充质干细胞皮内注射可加速糖尿病大鼠创伤面愈合[16],接种有脂肪来源间充质干细胞的脱细胞基质移植皮肤全层缺损裸鼠后创面愈合明显加快[17]。人羊膜间充质干细胞皮内注射可促进表皮细胞再生,加速糖尿病小鼠创面愈合[18]。胎盘来源间充质干细胞皮内注射可促进血管发生利于糖尿病大鼠伤口愈合[19]。骨髓来源间充质干细胞皮下注射可促进糖尿病大鼠创面愈合[20],接种同源异体骨髓间充质干细胞的胶原可促进糖尿病兔耳朵溃疡血管发生和创面闭合[21]。人脐血间充质干细胞局部注射或全身静脉注射均可促进糖尿病裸鼠创面愈合[22]。研究发现,生物打印羊膜干细胞可促进大面积皮肤缺损创面愈合[23]。大动物研究也表明,皮内注射同源异体间充质干细胞有利于比格犬全层皮肤缺损创面闭合,同时可下调创面前炎症因子表达[24];全皮缺损羊移植同源脐带间充质干细胞7 d创面完全上皮化,而空白组12 d上皮化仍程度不完全[25]。

3.2 间充质干细胞治疗皮肤溃疡临床应用研究临床研究表明,骨髓来源间充质干细胞可加速伤口愈合,促进组织重建[26]。糖尿病足伤口边缘直接注射间充质干细胞可明显缩小伤口面积,增加皮肤血管和伤口皮肤厚度[27]。骨髓间充质干细胞联合纤维蛋白胶复合物局部贴敷伤口3次,非黑色瘤患者的皮肤伤口可在8周内愈合;另外,超过1年不愈的慢性下肢伤口在20周内完全愈合,伤口恢复程度与间充质干细胞数量成正比[28]。一项纳入20例伤口不愈患者的临床研究发现,经培养有自体骨髓间充质干细胞的胶原海绵体处理伤口后90%伤口完全愈合,并且能促进组织再生[29]。一项纳入24例下肢不愈合患者的随机对照临床研究表明,在肌内注射骨髓间充质干细胞的同时向伤口局部移植干细胞,12周后疼痛感明显减轻,伤口面积减少[30]。糖尿病足患者一侧下肢肌内注射自体骨髓间充质干细胞或骨髓单核细胞,对侧下肢注射生理盐水作为对照,结果表明间充质干细胞和单核细胞均能显著改善行走的疼痛,明显促进伤口愈合,同时间充质干细胞组较单核细胞组创面愈合率高[31]。

4 间充质干细胞治疗皮肤溃疡机制研究

4.1 间充质干细胞向表皮样细胞分化 间充质干细胞可分化为中胚层细胞已经得到公认,其跨谱系分化一直备受争议。研究已经证实,人骨髓间充质干细胞可分化为上皮样细胞[32];人胚胎间充质干细胞可分化为皮肤组织细胞[33];脂肪来源间充质干细胞可分化为角质细胞,并且发现接种脂肪间充质干细胞的胶原-壳聚糖支架植入大鼠创伤面14 d可形成表皮和真皮[34]。

4.2 免疫调节 创面炎性微环境可激活间充质干细胞环氧酶-2,促进前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)分泌和抑制白介素(interleukin,IL)-2分泌,从而减少T细胞有丝分裂和增殖[35]。PGE2可刺激T细胞和巨噬细胞分泌IL-10,从而抑制巨噬细胞和T细胞分泌转化生长因子发挥抗纤维作用[36],同时IL-10也可抑制IL-6和IL-8分泌从而减少胶原蛋白沉积[37]。另外,PGE2 是辅助 T 细胞(helper T cell,Th)亚群Th1向Th2转化的协同因子,可引起T效应细胞 γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,INF-γ)分泌减少和IL-4分泌增加[38]。巨噬细胞是创面炎症阶段后期停留时间最长的一种免疫细胞,可促进创伤愈合由炎症期向增生期转化,是炎症期向增生期转化的重要标志,而INF-γ与IL-4比例的降低可加速伤口愈合[39]。

4.3 抗炎 间充质干细胞抑制机体免疫细胞分泌前炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α和INF-γ,同时促进抗炎因子IL-10和IL-4的分泌[40]。中性粒细胞的浸润是创面进入慢性炎症的一种信号,而IL-10可抑制中性粒细胞向伤口浸润,并阻止其产生自由基减少氧化应激损伤[41]。研究发现,间充质干细胞可分泌抗菌肽LL-37具有直接抗菌作用[42],同时分泌免疫调节因子可促进免疫细胞杀菌和吞噬能力[43]。

4.4 促进血管发生 表皮毛细血管循环为皮肤细胞提供血供,创面血管发生障碍可诱发慢性溃疡,所以血管发生是伤口愈合的必要环节。间充质干细胞可分泌碱性成纤维细胞生长因子和血管内皮生长因子-A,促进微细血管内皮的增生、迁移和分化,具有维持血管稳定和血管保护作用[44]。研究发现,来源于血管周围的间充质干细胞具有重建血管微环境的功能[45]。体外研究表明,骨髓来源间充质干细胞可促进血管生成,并作为血管周围前体细胞促进脉管系统形成[46]。

4.5 促进皮肤细胞功能 真皮成纤维细胞和表皮角质上皮细胞是创伤愈合过程中的主要功能细胞。研究发现,间充质干细胞培养上清液可促进体外成纤维细胞和角质细胞的划痕愈合[47]。真皮成纤维细胞与间充质干细胞共培养或加入间充质干细胞培养上清液可促进成纤维细胞Ⅰ型胶原的分泌[48],间充质干细胞培养上清液可趋化巨噬细胞、内皮细胞、表皮角质细胞及真皮成纤维细胞的迁移[49]。

间充质干细胞通过与微环境的相互作用,一方面经自分泌/旁分泌细胞因子作用于其他效应细胞促进皮肤创面修复(图1)[50],另一方面间充质干细胞可分化为特定皮肤细胞而参与组织修复。

图1 间充质干细胞旁分泌效应促进愈合作用机制

5 展望

综上所述,间充质干细胞对慢性皮肤溃疡具有明确治疗作用,其作用机制可以归结为间充质干细胞的旁分泌效应和向类皮细胞分化潜能;同时,作者以“stem cell and cutaneous ulcer”为关键词在网址为www.clinicaltrials.gov中检索到21项临床试验,9项是间充质干细胞治疗皮肤溃疡临床研究。这些都表明间充质干细胞已成为慢性皮肤溃疡治疗研究的焦点。由于间充质干细胞来源广泛,培养简单,围绕间充质干细胞进行相关药物或器械的开发具有可行性。同时,也看到美国食品和药物管理局发布的《烧伤创面和慢性皮肤溃疡治疗药物临床研究指导原则》对于慢性皮肤溃疡临床研究中的终点评价指标要求苛刻[51],所以科学合理的临床试验方案对于最终能否获批显得十分关键[52]。

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