莫斯科

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莫斯科，现俄罗斯联邦首都，也是俄罗斯政治、经济、科学文化及交通中心。莫斯科建城于1147年，迄今已有800余年的历史，是世界特大都市之一，也是欧洲最大的城市。红场是莫斯科的中心广场，著名的克里姆林宫、列宁墓、历史博物馆及大教堂都在这里。

The Red Square is the central square in Moscow， Russia. It joins the Kremlin Wall on one side， and in front of it stands the tomb of Lenin， where his embalmed body can be seen. On another side of the Red Square is the Historical Museum， and on the fourth， St. Basils Cathedral. 红场是莫斯科的中心广场。它的一面是克林姆林宫的墙，在它的前面是列宁墓。在那里可以瞻仰列宁的遗体。红场的另外一边是历史博物馆，第四面则是圣巴西尔大教堂。

The Red Square was built by Ivan III at the end of the 15th century. The Czar sent for Italian architects and built the present wall of the Kremlin and two of the cathedrals. Then the building complex on the square was shaped and the layout of the Red Square was established. 红场是由伊凡三世在十五世纪末期修建。沙皇派人请意大利的建筑师们修建了今天的克林姆林宫及两座教堂。这样广场的建筑群就形成了，红场的布局诞生了。

The Red Square is world-famous， as lots of important public events take place there. The anniversary of the Russian Revolution is celebrated there on Nov. 7th， and Labor Day on May 1st and 2nd. 红场世界闻名，因为很多重要的事件都发生在这里。十一月七日，一年一度的俄国革命纪念日庆典及五月一日、二日劳动节的庆祝活动都在这里举行。

The Red Square was not named by communists， although red is their symbolic color. In 1658， Czar named the square The Red Square. In Russian， the word “red” means “beautiful”. So the square was known as “Beautiful Square”. 红场并不是共产党人命名的，虽然红色是他们的象征色。1658年沙皇给这个广场命名“红场”。在俄语中，红色表示“美丽”。所以红场又以“美丽的广场”而著名。

The Moscow Kremlin， sometimes referred to as simply The Kremlin， is a historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow， overlooking the Moskva River （to the south）， Saint Basils Cathedral and Red Square （to the east） and the Alexander Garden （to the west）. 莫斯科克林姆林宫，有时候简称克林姆林宫，是莫斯科中心的一个历史建筑群，南面俯瞰莫斯科河，东边是圣巴西尔大教堂和红场，西边是亚历山大公园。

The best known Kremlins include four palaces， four cathedrals and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. The complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. 著名的克林姆林宫群包括四个宫殿、四个教堂、封闭的克林姆林宫墙及克林姆林宫塔。这个建筑群是俄罗斯联邦总统官邸。

The name The Kremlin is often used as a metonym to refer to the government of the Soviet Union （1922-1991） and its highest members （such as general secretaries， premiers， presidents， ministers and commissars）， in the same way that the metonym Quai dOrsay refers to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs， the White House refers to the Executive Office of the President of the United States and Number 10 Downing Street （or simply Number 10） refers to the Office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 克里姆林宫经常用来指前苏联政府（1922年至1991年）及最高领导人（总书记，总理，总统，部长，政委），就像卦奥赛是指法国外交部，白宫指美国总统执行办公室，唐宁街10号（或者10号）指英国首相办公室。

It is still used in reference to the government of the Russian Federation and even the Russian Presidents official website is Kremlin.Ru. “Kremlinology” refers to the study of Soviet and Russian policies. 现在的克林姆林宫仍然用来指俄罗斯联邦政府，甚至俄罗斯总统的办公网站都是Kremlin.Ru. “Kremlinology”指俄罗斯政策研究。