高超 王霞 李立红 周秀彦
【摘要】 目的:评估PNPLA3 I148M基因多态性与原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)相关性,并探讨其机制。方法:本研究纳入HCC患者67例和健康对照组69例,对照组无肝癌家族史及肝病病史。通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)及基因测序法检测PNPLA3 rs738409基因表型,通过Hardy-weinbeurg遗传平衡定律分析HCC组与对照组各基因型是否具有群体代表。通过 字2检验分析HCC组rs738409各基因型的频率分布有无差异。结果:对HCC组及对照组经吻合度检验,各组基因多态性分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg(H-W)平衡法则(P>0.05)。HCC组与对照组148 GG、148 CG、148 CC基因型频率分布差异均有统计学意义( 字2=6.30,P<0.05)。结论:rs738409基因表型与原发性肝癌发病风险具有相关性。
【关键词】 PNPLA3; 基因测序; 原发性肝癌
【Abstract】 Objective:To explore the relationship between PNPLA3 I148M gene polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and discuss its pathogenesis.Method:67 patients with HCC and 69 cases of healthy control were selected as the subjects. The healthy control subjects had no family history of liver cancer and liver disease history. The sequence fragments of PNPLA3 rs738409 gene polymorphism in all cases were detected by utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing orderly. Whether each genotype of the HCC group and the control group had group representation or not was based on Hardy-weinbeurg genetic equilibrium analysis. The genotype frequencies in cases and controls were compared by Chi-square test.Result:The HCC group and the control group were conformed with Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) balance (P>0.05). The 148 GG, 148 CG, 148 CC genotype frequency distribution had differences between the HCC group and the control group ( 字2=6.30,P<0.05).Conclusion:The rs738409 genetic phenotypes is obviously associated with primary liver cancer risk.
【Key words】 PNPLA3; Gene sequencing technology; Hepatocellular carcinoma
First-authors address:The Second Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030002,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2014.18.004
肝细胞癌(HCC)是最常见的肝脏恶性疾病,与乙肝和丙肝病毒、酒精、肥胖及罕见的遗传性肝脏疾病相关。环境毒素、糖尿病和家族史也是不可忽视的因素,此外国内外大量研究证实遗传变异与肝癌易感性密切相关[1-2]。特别是编码patatin样磷脂酶域3(PNPLA3)148M蛋白的基因rs738409与原发性肝癌的关系逐渐引起大家的关注。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2012年5月-2013年10月山西医科大学第二附属医院消化内科、肿瘤科病房原发性肝癌(HCC)患者67例为HCC组,其中男62例,女5例,年龄43~78岁,平均(59.1±8.8)岁,有至少两种影像学确诊或经病理学确诊,符合《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)》的诊断标准[3]。对照组为2012年6月-2013年11月随机招募的无肝癌家族史及肝病病史的健康志愿者69例,其中男62例,女7例,年龄45~75岁,平均(58.2±7.8)岁。两组研究对象的年龄、性别比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法 采取静脉血5 mL,使用DNA提取试剂盒(上海生工SK1261)提取全血DNA,引物序列rs738409-F:5'GAACCAGCCAGTTTACCTTACA 3';rs738409-R:5'GTTAGTTCCCCGTTCTTTTGA3'。使用DNA Polymerase 高温聚合酶(上海生工SC0014)、10×PCR Buffer、MgCl2(25 mM)、dNTP(10 mM)、Marker、6×DNA Loading Dye(上海生工)进行目的基因的扩增,使用PCR反应扩增仪(加拿大BBI公司);扩增片段长度为464 bp。扩增条件:95 ℃预变性5 min,94 ℃变性30 s,57 ℃退火1 min,72 ℃延伸1 min,72 ℃修复延伸1 min。使用3PRISM3730测序列分析仪(美国ABI公司)检测PNPLA3 rs738409基因表型。endprint
1.3 统计学处理 采用SPSS 16.0统计学软件对数据进行处理,分别统计健康对照组、HCC组rs738409各基因型的频率,并算出其等位基因的频率,各数据用百分数表示。通过Hardy-weinbeurg遗传平衡定律分析HCC组与对照组各基因型是否具有群体代表。两组rs738409基因型分布采用 字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组基因多态性分布情况 两组经吻合度检验,得出其多态性分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg(H-W)平衡法则(P>0.05)。
2.2 PNPLA3基因rs738409 G/C多态性与原发性肝癌相关性的分析 经PCR扩增后的1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测图像见图1。测序可得到148CC、148GC、148GG 3种基因型,见图2。HCC组与对照组148GG、148CG、148CC基因型频率分布比较差异均有统计学意义( 字2=6.30,P<0.05),见表1。
3 讨论
HCC是指发生于肝脏的恶性肿瘤,其死亡率在消化系统恶性肿瘤中位列第3位。我国每年约有11万人死于肝癌,已成为严重威胁我国居民健康的疾病之一[3-4]。因此HCC的早发现、早治疗已经成为临床研究的热点。且HCC患者在北美地区开始出现年轻化趋势,除了密切关注肥胖、代谢综合征等高危因素,遗传易感基因是不容忽视的重要因素[3]。随着遗传因素在HCC发病过程中所起的作用逐渐被大家认可,越来越多的HCC高危基因成为研究热点,但多数未经大样本病例对照研究所证实。随着DNA单核苷酸多态性(SNP)在复杂疾病中的作用的逐渐被研究发现,使其成为HCC基因学研究的新热点。其中PNPLA3 rs738409GG型与HCC发病的相关性在国外已经过大样本病例对照研究所证实[5-6]。
PNPLA3属于patatin样磷脂酶家族,其编码基因位于22号染色体长臂1区3带3亚带1次亚带(22ql3.31),编码一个功能未知的非分泌性蛋白,该蛋白由481个氨基酸组成,又称之为脂肪滋养蛋白,这类蛋白具有非特异的酰基水解酶的活性[7]。PNPLA3有一段高度保守的水解序列(Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly),PNPLA3的活性中心丝氨酸(Ser47)主要位于该段序列中。丝氨酸与天冬氨酸(Aspl66)结合,两者的结合部位位于由异亮氨酸(nel48)等若干个疏水残基侧链形成的底物结合凹槽的边缘上。该二元体(Ser-Asp)是patatins发挥催化作用重要部位[8]。
目前有研究发现,PNPLA3编码一个在肝细胞膜上显著表达的跨膜蛋白具有调节脂质代谢、炎症介质等作用。当其编码基因rs738409发生G和C的错译时,会导致其编码的蛋白质在148位上出现蛋氨酸代替异亮氨酸。进而导致其功能发生变化[6,9]。还有研究发现该基因与肝脏炎症、肝纤维化进展相关,但具体机制还不清楚。PNPLA3导致肝癌的机制尚不明确,然而,PNPLA3与非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)、酒精性肝病(ALD)的发病及进展关系密切,而酒精和非酒精脂肪肝疾病都有肝脏的脂肪变性,脂肪变性可以通过脂质过氧化反应和或细胞因子激活引起肝细胞的炎症,进而发生纤维化这一相似的病理特征[10]。这表明它可能通过调节脂质代谢、炎症介质等直接导致肝细胞癌变[4,11-15]。但是否有其他途径直接致癌途径尚不清楚。国外研究已证实该基因多态性对HCC的影响独立于其纤维化的影响[11-13,16-17],这进一步表明它可能通过其他未知途径直接导致肝细胞癌变。但其致癌作用是否独立于肝硬化仍存在争议[12,14,18]。此外,国外研究发现PNPLA3与HCC的淋巴转移、血管侵犯、癌细胞分化程度等他肝细胞癌预后指标相关。rs738409GG型的患者癌细胞分化程度明显比rs738409CC型更差,更容易出现癌细胞的转移,因此预后更差[5]。但鉴于HCC预后受多种因素影响,评估具有复杂性,目前尚缺乏多中心的大样本病例对照研究证实,且具体机制尚不清楚,因此仍需进一步研究以证实。
笔者通过Hardy-Weinberg(H-W)平衡检测,验证了两组PNPLA3 rs738409基因多态性均具有群体代表性。通过基因测序检测证实rs738409分为GG、GC、CC三型。通过统计发现,HCC组的rs738409 GG型分布明显高于健康对照组,说明PNPLA3 rs738409基因多态性与HCC发病有密切相关性。rs738409GG可能是HCC发病的高危因素之一。该结果与国外的研究结果一致,说明该基因不仅是欧美人群HCC的高危基因,也可能是我国人群中HCC发病的高危基因。由于本次研样本量小,抽样误差可能较大。因此针对该基因的国内多中心大样本的病例对照研究是必要的。此外PNPLA3在HCC发病中的作用机制仍不清楚,因此进一步的动物实验及体外实验研究是非常重要的。它可能有助于揭示HCC发病的新机制,发现HCC新的治疗方法。
目前国内PNPLA3基因多态性的研究多停留在与NAFLD、ALD、肝纤维化之间相关性的研究,鲜有该基因多态性与HCC之间的研究,因此进一步研究与探讨PNPAL3基因在HCC中的作用及机制是非常必要的。随着分子生物学技术的发展其机制会进一步明确,这将有助于筛选HCC高危人群或易感个体,并为个性化的癌症治疗提供依据。
参考文献
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[12] Nischalke H D,Berger C,Luda C,et al.The PNPLA3 rs738409 148M/M genotype is a risk factor for liver cancer in alcoholic cirrhosis but shows no or weak association in hepatitis C cirrhosis[J].PLos One,2011,7(10):270-287.
[13] Burza M A,Pirazzi C,Maglio C,et al.PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409) genetic variant is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in obese individuals[J].Dig Liver Dis,2012,44(12):1037-1041.
[14] Guyot E,Sutton A,Rufat P,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409, hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and risk model prediction in patients with cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2013,2(58):312-318.
[15] Takeuchi Y,Ikeda F,Moritou Y,et al.The impact of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 polymorphism on hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,3(48):405-412.
[16] Falleti E,Fabris C,Cmet S,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409C/G polymorphism in cirrhosis: relationship with the aetiology of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence[J].J Liver Int,2011,8(31):1137-1143.
[17] Valenti L,Colombo M,Fargion S.NPLA3 genotype and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C[J].J Hepatology,2012,3(53):791-799.
[18] Corradini S G,Burza M A,Molinaro A,et al.Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 sequence variant and hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatology,2011,5(53):1776-1787.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31) (本文编辑:蔡元元)endprint
[2] Nahon P,Zucman-Rossi J.Single nucleotide polymorphisms and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2012,57(3):663-674.
[3]中华人民共和国卫生部.原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)[J].临床肿瘤学杂志,2011,16(10):929-946.
[4] Valenti L.PNPLA3 Ile148Met variant and hepatocellular carcinoma: a matter of fat[J].J Dig Liver Dis,2013,44(5):974-975.
[5] Valenti L,Motta B M,Soardo G,et al.PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism, clinical presentation, and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Plos One,2013,8(10):982-992.
[6] Hassan M M,Kaseb A,Etzel C J,et al.Genetic variation in the PNPLA3 gene and hepatocellular carcinoma in USA: risk and prognosis prediction[J].Molecular Carcinogenesis,2013,52(1):139-147.
[7] Zimmermann R,Strauss J G,Haemmerle G,et al.Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase[J].Science,2004,306(5700):1383-1396.
[8] Jenkins C M,Mancuso D J,Yan W,et al.Identification, cloning.expression and purification of three novel human calcium-independent phospholipase A2 familymembers possessing 29 triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol transacylase activities[J].Biol Chem,2004,279(47):48 968-48 975.
[9] He S, McPhaul C,Li J Z,et al.A sequence variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease disrupts triglyceride hydrolysis C[J].Biol Chem,2010,28(5):706-715.
[10] Reddy J K,Rao M S.Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation Ⅱ, fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation[J].J Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2006, 29(10):852-858.
[11] Trepo E,Guyot E,Ganne-Carrie N, et al.PNPLA3(rs738409 C.G) is a common risk variant associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis[J].J Hepatology,2012,5(5):1307-1308.
[12] Nischalke H D,Berger C,Luda C,et al.The PNPLA3 rs738409 148M/M genotype is a risk factor for liver cancer in alcoholic cirrhosis but shows no or weak association in hepatitis C cirrhosis[J].PLos One,2011,7(10):270-287.
[13] Burza M A,Pirazzi C,Maglio C,et al.PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409) genetic variant is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in obese individuals[J].Dig Liver Dis,2012,44(12):1037-1041.
[14] Guyot E,Sutton A,Rufat P,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409, hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and risk model prediction in patients with cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2013,2(58):312-318.
[15] Takeuchi Y,Ikeda F,Moritou Y,et al.The impact of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 polymorphism on hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,3(48):405-412.
[16] Falleti E,Fabris C,Cmet S,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409C/G polymorphism in cirrhosis: relationship with the aetiology of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence[J].J Liver Int,2011,8(31):1137-1143.
[17] Valenti L,Colombo M,Fargion S.NPLA3 genotype and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C[J].J Hepatology,2012,3(53):791-799.
[18] Corradini S G,Burza M A,Molinaro A,et al.Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 sequence variant and hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatology,2011,5(53):1776-1787.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31) (本文编辑:蔡元元)endprint
[2] Nahon P,Zucman-Rossi J.Single nucleotide polymorphisms and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2012,57(3):663-674.
[3]中华人民共和国卫生部.原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2011年版)[J].临床肿瘤学杂志,2011,16(10):929-946.
[4] Valenti L.PNPLA3 Ile148Met variant and hepatocellular carcinoma: a matter of fat[J].J Dig Liver Dis,2013,44(5):974-975.
[5] Valenti L,Motta B M,Soardo G,et al.PNPLA3 I148M polymorphism, clinical presentation, and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Plos One,2013,8(10):982-992.
[6] Hassan M M,Kaseb A,Etzel C J,et al.Genetic variation in the PNPLA3 gene and hepatocellular carcinoma in USA: risk and prognosis prediction[J].Molecular Carcinogenesis,2013,52(1):139-147.
[7] Zimmermann R,Strauss J G,Haemmerle G,et al.Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase[J].Science,2004,306(5700):1383-1396.
[8] Jenkins C M,Mancuso D J,Yan W,et al.Identification, cloning.expression and purification of three novel human calcium-independent phospholipase A2 familymembers possessing 29 triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol transacylase activities[J].Biol Chem,2004,279(47):48 968-48 975.
[9] He S, McPhaul C,Li J Z,et al.A sequence variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease disrupts triglyceride hydrolysis C[J].Biol Chem,2010,28(5):706-715.
[10] Reddy J K,Rao M S.Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation Ⅱ, fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation[J].J Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2006, 29(10):852-858.
[11] Trepo E,Guyot E,Ganne-Carrie N, et al.PNPLA3(rs738409 C.G) is a common risk variant associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis[J].J Hepatology,2012,5(5):1307-1308.
[12] Nischalke H D,Berger C,Luda C,et al.The PNPLA3 rs738409 148M/M genotype is a risk factor for liver cancer in alcoholic cirrhosis but shows no or weak association in hepatitis C cirrhosis[J].PLos One,2011,7(10):270-287.
[13] Burza M A,Pirazzi C,Maglio C,et al.PNPLA3 I148M (rs738409) genetic variant is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in obese individuals[J].Dig Liver Dis,2012,44(12):1037-1041.
[14] Guyot E,Sutton A,Rufat P,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409, hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and risk model prediction in patients with cirrhosis[J].J Hepatol,2013,2(58):312-318.
[15] Takeuchi Y,Ikeda F,Moritou Y,et al.The impact of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 polymorphism on hepatocellular carcinoma prognosis[J].J Gastroenterol,2013,3(48):405-412.
[16] Falleti E,Fabris C,Cmet S,et al.PNPLA3 rs738409C/G polymorphism in cirrhosis: relationship with the aetiology of liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence[J].J Liver Int,2011,8(31):1137-1143.
[17] Valenti L,Colombo M,Fargion S.NPLA3 genotype and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C[J].J Hepatology,2012,3(53):791-799.
[18] Corradini S G,Burza M A,Molinaro A,et al.Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 sequence variant and hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Hepatology,2011,5(53):1776-1787.
(收稿日期:2014-03-31) (本文编辑:蔡元元)endprint