三叉神经痛的外科治疗进展

2014-08-08 16:33姚秀霞
现代仪器与医疗 2014年4期
关键词:三叉神经痛

姚秀霞

(河北省沧州市中心医院,河北沧州061001)

[摘要]三叉神经痛是一种影响三叉神经支配区域的疼痛综合征,该病已成为涉及颅神经最常见的神经疾病。本文综述当前针对该病外科治疗最新方法,为神经外科医生提供参考。

[关键词]三叉神经痛;微血管减压术;立体定向放射手术

中图分类号:R651文献标识码:B文章编号:2095-5200(2014)04-015-04

DOI:10.11876/mimt201404005

Advances of surgical treatments for trigeminal neuralgiaYAO Xiu-xia.(Cangzhou Central Hospital of Hebei Province,Cangzhou 061001,China)1概述

三叉神经痛(TN)是涉及颅神经最常见疾病之一,通常为单侧、严重、短暂、针刺样、反复发作于第五颅神经的一个或几个分支分布区域的疼痛[1]。三叉神经痛可以是原发的,例如先天性的;也可以为继发的,由创伤或中枢神经系统损伤导致[2]。按照国际头痛协会[3]的数据,60%的患者主诉为口角至下颌角处刺痛,为三叉神经分支下颌神经痛;30%的患者表现为三叉神经分支上颌神经分布区疼痛;只有不到5%的患者疼痛涉及眼神经分布区[4]。

近期提出的点火假说(ignitionhypothesis)认为,三叉神经痛由三叉神经根或神经节处的特异的三叉神经传入神经元病变导致,损伤使得轴突和轴突切断的胞体更易于兴奋,而高兴奋性传入神经因同步放电活动导致疼痛发作[5]。导致这种疾病进程的具体原因尚不清楚[6]。

本文列举了当前临床应用的外科治疗三叉神经痛方法,结合文献对其进展综述如下。

2治疗方法

2.1微血管减压术

微血管减压术(microvasculardecompression,MVD)的目标是将神经根从压迫血管下解放出来,从而永久治愈疼痛并遗留较少甚至无感觉缺失。微血管压迫是术前选择患者、确定手术方案和预测预后的重要症状。Ni等[7]建议使用MRI系统行增强三维快速扰相梯度回波磁共振成像和三维磁共振血管造影来术前检测三叉神经根进入区(trigeminalrootentryzone,TREZ)神经和血管结构的关系。93%的患者术中所见与影像学结果是一致的。Leal等提出患者术前需常规行双侧三叉神经3D-TOF核磁共振体层血管造影,明确三叉神经根与周围血管关系,其敏感性为80%-95%[8],并提到应用弥散张量成像可显示神经的受压程度[9]。

Kondo[10]在他连续的研究中建议首选MVD,大部分患者(87%-98%)术后即刻疼痛得到缓解。1-2年疼痛的完全缓解率为75%-80%。8-10年后,疼痛的缓解率降为58%-64%,只有4%-12%的患者有轻微的复发。曾经认为高龄为MVD的禁忌症,近期临床试验证明,不同年龄组MVD并发症的发生率无统计学意义,故不应将高龄作为MVD禁忌[11]。随着内镜手术的兴起,内镜下血管减压术也被报道为一种有效治疗三叉神经痛的选择,57%的患者疼痛完全缓解或得到较好控制,且无手术并发症出现[12]。

2.2射频神经节消融术

射频神经节消融术本质是一种选择性损伤部分受影响神经节或半月神经节后根。热凝可导致选择性薄髓鞘和无髓鞘的痛觉传导纤维损毁[13]。Scrivani等[14]报道了一个包括215位患者的回顾性研究,绝大部分的患者(92%)疼痛立即缓解。在平均随访时间32个月中,27%的患者出现复发。He等[15]改良了暴露卵圆孔的方法,患者采取健侧卧位,AP位暴露蝶鞍并使其位于视野中央,使蝶鞍向头侧偏移,暴露中颅窝弓的骨性标记,两段中颅窝弓的交界处即卵圆孔,穿刺准确率达100%,且无穿刺相关并发症。Karol等[16]应用阵列电极,面部被分为34个感觉区,消融范围是传统射频消融术的1/3,将损伤控制在疼痛的病变区域,降低了病变支以外区域麻木的发生率。

2.3甘油神经节消融术

此方法由Hakansson[17]在一次偶然中发现的,在实施γ照射的立体定位时,甘油与钽粉的混合物不只使三叉神经池显影,同时也消除了三叉神经痛患者的疼痛。尽管疼痛缓解都是即刻的,部分患者7天就会复发。作者[18]同时提出起始80%的患者疼痛能够缓解,但远期效果高度变化。术后12月时,复发率波动在10%-53%。这个术式一般容易承受,且死亡率极低。Goodwin等将甘油神经节消融术应用于微血管减压术并未发现神经血管结构异常的患者中,患者术后疼痛均较术前明显改善,在1至3个月的随访中,14位患者中的10位疼痛较前降低50%-80%。故认为甘油神经节消融术可作为微血管减压术的备选手段[19]。

2.4球囊压迫法

有学者提出压迫神经节与神经根减压产生的结果相同。此术在常规麻醉下进行。在荧光对比下,将探针插入卵圆孔,但不越过卵圆孔。沿着探针将Fogarty导管送入至其尖端位于Meckel腔内,向球囊内缓慢充入0.5-1.0mL对比剂直至充满整个腔隙,确保达到充分压迫。患者只需要制动1晚[20]。Kauzounias等[21]研究了经皮球囊压迫术治疗三叉神经痛的影响因素。他们总结出球囊形状作为参数对结果有重要影响,而球囊的容量应适应此参数。稳定的椭圆球囊应在此术式中弃用。压迫60秒与更长时间对结果影响并无差别。之前的手术次数与疼痛缓解程度并无关联,但会增加并发症发生几率。患有多发性硬化的患者通过此术式获益与经典三叉神经痛患者相同。术后第1年6%-14%的病例复发。在Abdennebi[22]的系列研究中,平均随访4.3年后,1/3的患者需再手术。Lichtor和Mullan[23]得到了稍好的结果,20%的病例在随访5年后复发,少数随访达10年的患者中,有28%复发。最近关于100位球囊压迫术后病例的分析提出,球囊压迫法手术成功率为90%,中位疼痛缓解时间为28个月[24]。

2.5立体定向放射外科

LarsLeksell发明了放射外科手术工具“γ刀”治疗功能性脑疾患,作为开颅手术之外的选择。这个方法是现存治疗的一种有价值的补充,对患者创伤小且安全。Han等[25]研究了γ刀放射治疗62例典型三叉神经痛患者的远期疗效。他们发现实际未复发率在术后第1-5年分别为84.8%、76.1%、69.6%、63.0%和45.8%。Park等[26]比较了γ刀作为第一和第二治疗处理难治性原发性三叉神经痛。在放射剂量、起始起效时间、复发或疼痛缓解率上,作为第一治疗或第二治疗原发性三叉神经痛并无显著差异。术后新发病灶的出现率在二组中一致,但总的面部感觉改变在第二治疗组更严重。英国国家立体定向放射外科中心报道70例TNγ刀术后第6、12、24月时疗效,疼痛控制极好占39%、36%、64%,较好为71%、57%、53%;约一半患者术后复发,不需药物控制;60%患者第2次治疗后疼痛缓解;术后感觉缺失出现于31%患者[27]。

2.6周围神经切断术

这是个安全、简单的术式,特别是对于老年人,优先选择注射治疗。神经切断术通过在眉弓处切口(眶上神经)或口腔内切口(眶下神经、齿槽神经和舌神经)施行。所有分支在放大下被分开并抽出。相关的孔用骨蜡、木条或硅胶塞封堵。烧灼剩余神经。尽管如此,再发时仍能找到剩余神经,可用相同的方法处理来缓解患者疼痛。Danish等[28]发现在平均7年的随访中,78%接受过神经切断术的患者出现再发。一半的患者在1月内就出现第一次复发。在他们的系列研究中,神经切断术(也包括酒精阻断)与射频消融术相比获益更少。

2.7冷冻疗法

冷冻疗法是一种暴露三叉神经三支主要分支并通过直接应用冷冻探针冰冻的手术技术,探针尖端温度为从-50℃至-70℃。患者需要接受静脉使用镇静药或常规麻醉。尽管此术式易于被患者接受,但结果并不尽如人意。145例进行过1-11次冷冻治疗(56%有多于1次的治疗)的患者,手术效果持续6个月的仅有一半,到术后12个月时,仅剩28%的患者疼痛完全缓解。几乎2/3的患者需要再回到以前的药物治疗。尽管针对一条神经效果会有所改善,但就疼痛缓解这方面来说,冷冻治疗不管靶点是神经节还是神经根效果均不理想[29]。

2.8酒精阻断

周围神经和神经节酒精阻断从上世纪初就开始应用,但由于其疗效不确切和并发症众多而应用甚少。酒精注射必须直接注入神经。注射过程非常痛苦,且易造成局部水肿[20]。在一个对45位患者的回顾性分析中,所有患者均接受过一或多次酒精阻断,84%的患者均在平均8年的随访中疼痛复发。一半的患者甚至在术后1月内复发。Kyung[30]对98例患者行酒精阻滞,此方法对疼痛的缓解率在第1、2、3年和第7年分别为90.4%,69.0%,53.5%和33.0%。其并发症和缓解时间较其它消融方式并无特殊,故认为一次或反复注射无水酒精是治疗三叉神经痛的合适方法。

针对三叉神经痛的其余外科疗法还有激光局部照射、激光穿刺和电针刺疗法等,但由于其仅作为辅助治疗应用,在此不赘述。

上述外科治疗三叉神经痛的常见并发症见表1。

表1三叉神经痛外科治疗相关的并发症

术式 报道的并发症

微血管减压术 小脑损伤、VIII颅神经损伤、脑脊液漏

射频神经节消融术 感觉迟钝、角膜麻木、脑膜炎、颈内动脉海绵窦瘘、颅内出血、颅神经损伤

甘油神经节消融术 脑膜炎、感觉迟钝、颅神经麻痹、局部血肿、口唇疱疹激活、持续性咬肌无力、角膜炎

球囊压迫法 感觉迟钝、咬肌无力

立体定向放射外科 面部感觉异常

周围神经切断术 眼部异常、感觉迟钝

冷冻疗法 术后局部感染、明显感觉迟钝

酒精阻断 感觉迟钝、面神经麻痹、失明、皮肤坏死、死骨产生、复视

激光局部照射、激光穿刺 未有报道

电针刺疗法 未有报道

3小结

在外科治疗三叉神经痛方面,Barker等[31]进行了一项回顾性研究,对1185位接受三叉神经根微血管减压术的三叉神经痛患者,评估此术的远期疗效。他们总结,微血管减压术是一个安全有效地治疗三叉神经痛的方法,有较好的远期疗效。Lopez等[32]进行了一项神经外科消融手术治疗三叉神经痛的系统性回顾分析。涉及经皮半月神经节后根射频消融书、甘油消融术、气囊压迫半月神经节立体定向放射外科的临床随机对照研究均被纳入。他们总结出射频消融术比甘油消融和立体定向放射外科能提供更高的完全疼痛缓解率,但它被证明有数量最多的并发症。

对有经皮介入术式失败病史的患者,微血管减压术会是有效的方法。放射外科可被用于那些对其他手术方式不敏感的患者。对于微血管减压术复发的患者,建议再行探查或神经切断[33]。对治疗不典型三叉神经痛患者,复合疗法被证明是有效的。Nguyen等[34]描述了顺利治疗非典型V2支三叉神经痛的案例,同时应用脉冲射频消融治疗、蝶腭骨阻断和少量美沙酮进行治疗。

总结如下,对药物治疗无效的三叉神经痛的患者可考虑手术治疗。半月神经节经皮术式、γ刀和微血管减压术可作为候选术式。微血管减压术选择可优于其他术式,因其能提供最久的无痛持续时间[35]。

4展望

外科治疗是治疗三叉神经痛的一个重要手段,且占据举足轻重的地位,作为神经外科医生要学会合理应用不同术式。注重个体化治疗理念,针对每位患者的自身情况,分析其适应症和可能出现的并发症,选择其最适合手术方式,从而在保证医疗安全前提下,使疗效最大化。随着神经内镜技术出现,新的微创治疗方式可以用于三叉神经痛,这种方式带来的损伤更小,疗效与传统MVD相当,并发症也相应减少,将成为未来治疗经典三叉神经痛的首要方法。

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[35]Cruccu G, Gronseth G, Alksne J, et al. AAN‐EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management[J]. European Journal of Neurology, 2008,15(10):1013-1028.

[26]Park Y S, Kim J P, Chang W S, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia as primary vs. secondary treatment option[J]. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 2011,113(6):447-452.

[27]Loescher A R, Radatz M, Kemeny A, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: outcomes and complications[J]. British journal of neurosurgery, 2012,26(1):45-52.

[28]Oturai A B, Jensen K, Eriksen J, et al. Neurosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of alcohol block, neurectomy, and radiofrequency coagulation[J]. The Clinical journal of pain, 1996,12(4):311-315.

[29]Zakrzewska J M, Nally F F. The role of cryotherapy (cryoanalgesia) in the management of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia: a six year experience[J]. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1988,26(1):18-25.

[30]Han K R, Kim C. Brief report: the long-term outcome of mandibular nerve block with alcohol for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Anesth Analg, 2010,111(2):550-553.

[31]Barker F G, Jannetta P J, Bissonette D J, et al. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1996,334(17):1077-1084.

[32]Lopez B C, Hamlyn P J, Zakrzewska J M. Systematic review of ablative neurosurgical techniques for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Neurosurgery, 2004,54(4):973-983.

[33]Han I, Shin D, Chang J, et al. Effect of various surgical modalities in recurrent or persistent trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, 2010,88(3):156-162.

[34]Nguyen M, Wilkes D. Pulsed radiofrequency V2 treatment and intranasal sphenopalatine ganglion block: a combination therapy for atypical trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Pain practice, 2010,10(4):370-374.

[35]Cruccu G, Gronseth G, Alksne J, et al. AAN‐EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management[J]. European Journal of Neurology, 2008,15(10):1013-1028.

[26]Park Y S, Kim J P, Chang W S, et al. Gamma knife radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia as primary vs. secondary treatment option[J]. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 2011,113(6):447-452.

[27]Loescher A R, Radatz M, Kemeny A, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: outcomes and complications[J]. British journal of neurosurgery, 2012,26(1):45-52.

[28]Oturai A B, Jensen K, Eriksen J, et al. Neurosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of alcohol block, neurectomy, and radiofrequency coagulation[J]. The Clinical journal of pain, 1996,12(4):311-315.

[29]Zakrzewska J M, Nally F F. The role of cryotherapy (cryoanalgesia) in the management of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia: a six year experience[J]. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 1988,26(1):18-25.

[30]Han K R, Kim C. Brief report: the long-term outcome of mandibular nerve block with alcohol for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Anesth Analg, 2010,111(2):550-553.

[31]Barker F G, Jannetta P J, Bissonette D J, et al. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1996,334(17):1077-1084.

[32]Lopez B C, Hamlyn P J, Zakrzewska J M. Systematic review of ablative neurosurgical techniques for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Neurosurgery, 2004,54(4):973-983.

[33]Han I, Shin D, Chang J, et al. Effect of various surgical modalities in recurrent or persistent trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, 2010,88(3):156-162.

[34]Nguyen M, Wilkes D. Pulsed radiofrequency V2 treatment and intranasal sphenopalatine ganglion block: a combination therapy for atypical trigeminal neuralgia[J]. Pain practice, 2010,10(4):370-374.

[35]Cruccu G, Gronseth G, Alksne J, et al. AAN‐EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management[J]. European Journal of Neurology, 2008,15(10):1013-1028.

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