张荣江
书面表达是考查学生语言综合运用能力最直接有效的方式之一,它不仅考查考生的词汇、语法、篇章结构知识,还考查考生的分析能力、观察能力、逻辑思维能力、表达能力和语言组织能力等。
一、命题依据
中考英语书面表达是以《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》(以下简称《课程标准》)为命题依据,按照中考《考试说明》的要求来命制的。《课程标准》要求九年级学生在写作方面具备以下能力:1. 能根据写作要求,收集、准备素材。 2. 能独立起草短文、书信等,并在教师的指导下进行修改。3. 能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系。4. 能简单描述人物或事件。5. 能根据图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。
二、相关话题
《课程标准》对初中毕业生要掌握的话题进行了列举,包括24大项和86小项,要求能就这些话题进行描述和表达自己的观点。这24大项为:1. 个人情况(personal information);2. 家庭、朋友与周围的人(family, friends and people around);3. 周围的环境(personal environment);4. 日常活动(daily routines);5. 学校生活(school life);6. 个人兴趣(personal interests);7. 情感与情绪(feelings and emotions);8. 人际关系(interpersonal communications);9. 计划与安排(plans and arrangements);10. 节假日活动(festivals, holidays and celebrations);11. 购物(shopping);12. 饮食(food and drink);13. 卫生与健康(hygiene and health);14. 安全与救护(safety and first aid);15. 天气(weather);16. 文娱与体育 (recreation and sports); 17. 旅游与交通(travel and transport); 18. 通讯(communications); 19. 语言学习(language learning); 20. 自然(nature);21. 世界与环境(the world and the environment);22. 科普知识与现代技术(popular science and modern technology);23. 历史与社会(history and society);24. 故事与诗歌(stories and poems)。
三、试题特点
《课程标准》指出,初中毕业英语学业考试是义务教育阶段英语学科的终结性考试,目的是全面、准确地考查初中毕业生在英语学习方面达到本标准所规定级别水平的程度。英语学业考试对写的考查主要体现在考查学生运用所学语言知识与技能,以书面的形式完成信息沟通、再现生活经历、描述周围事物、发表意见和观点的能力。
中考书面表达试题的传统命题方式是采用指导性写作或控制性写作的形式,即通过图画、表格、要点提示等限定写作内容和文体等,考生须将提示内容写进短文中。但近年来中考书面表达题命题越来越注重试题的时代性和开放性,更加注重与学生的实际生活相联系,突出语言的交际性功能,话题方面给学生更多的思维想象和灵活运用所学语言知识的空间。其常见的特点如下:
(一)个性化
中考试题一直是分省命题,因此书面表达试题的设计往往具有地方特色,并反映当地的人文地理特点。这样既增加了中考英语书面表达试题的社会文化背景因素,又符合考查语言交际能力的要求。
(二)多样化
中考英语书面表达题在体裁、题材、形式等方面都具有多样化的特点。其体裁覆盖了记叙文、议论文和应用文等;题材涵盖了学校生活、课余活动、日常生活、人际关系、教育和社会与文化等;形式涉及图表型、提纲型、漫画型和开放式作文等。
(三)生活化
中考英语试卷书面表达的内容都是考生日常生活中常见的事件或现象,与学生的生活息息相关。试题内容常从课本出发,从英语课堂出发,紧紧贴近学生生活实际,与学生的认知水平相适应,符合学生的心理特点和认知规律。试题的选材一般坚持从学生的生活经历出发,以体现语言的工具性、服务性,体现语言对社会发展和社会生活的反映,引导学生关注生活,彰显出新课程标准走向生活的语言观。
(四)创新化
写作是运用语言文字进行表达和交流的重要方式,是学生认识世界、认识自我,进行创造性表述的过程。近年来中考书面表达的命题既有内容上也有形式上的突破,在题目的设置上条件明显放宽,突破以往某些方面的思维定式,鼓励学生学会创造性地思考问题,去自由地、有创意地表达或叙述设置的内容,或发表自己的看法,使作文内容更趋多元化、个性化。
四、评分标准
由于考生的英语词汇量和句法知识有限,他们还不能达到自由地运用英语进行真正的写作,难以写出地道的英语文段。故了解中考英语书面表达的评卷要求,对指导我们日常的写作训练是很有帮助的。下面是一则比较典型的书面表达题(其满分为15分)的评分标准要求,从中我们可以看出中考书面表达对中英文提示作文考查的具体要求:
项目要素内容
(5分)1. 覆盖所有内容要点,并能围绕短文主题适当地发挥,给5分。2. 虽然漏掉一两个次要的内容要点,但基本上表达了短文的主要内容,给4分。3. 漏掉3个内容要点,但基本上还是围绕话题进行描述,给3分。4. 因未能正确理解图片和开头的英语句子的意思,而漏掉或未描述清楚主要内容,写了一些无关内容,给2~1分。5. 未能传达任何信息;或内容太少(只出现有一个句子或个别单词、短语),给0分。准确性
(6分)1. 应用了较复杂的语法结构和丰富多彩的词汇,具备较强的语言应用能力,卷面美观,没有拼写和标点符号等错误,给6分。2. 所运用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求,语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确,卷面书写清晰,只有个别拼写与标点符号等错误。个别错误主要原因是尝试较复杂语法结构或词汇所致,给5~4分。3. 语法结构单调,词汇较贫乏,有较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误,影响了对写作内容的表达,字迹基本清楚,拼写和标点符号错误较多,给3分。4. 语法结构单调,词汇量少,有较多的语法结构或词汇的用法错误,不能正确表达所描述的图片意思,字迹难以辨别,单词拼写和标点符号错误很多,给2~1分。5. 只写出个别句子或单词,词不达意,不成文,字迹不清(或中英文混杂),卷面混乱,给0分。流畅性
(4分)1. 文章结构组织严谨,应用了较复杂的语言结构,上下文意思连贯,完全达到了试题的写作要求,给4分。2. 文章结构组织比较紧凑,应用了较简单的语言结构,上下文意思基本连贯,基本上达到了试题的写作要求,给3分。3. 文章结构组织有些混乱,应用了较简单的语言结构,上下文意思有些不连贯,表达不大流畅,给2分。4. 文章结构组织较混乱,较少使用语句间的连接成分,内容缺少连贯性,只能描述部分的图片,给1分。5. 只写出个别句子或单词,缺乏语句之间的连接成分,谈不上文章中句子之间的联系。语无伦次,不知所云,无法成文或传递完整的信息,给0分。下面是另外一种形式的书面表达评分标准:
评分时,先根据内容和语言初步确定所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。允许学生添加介绍自己情况的内容。
评分时可按五档进行。
第一档:(13~15分)
能写明全部或绝大部分要点;语言基本无误;行文连贯,表达清楚;书写规范工整;全文允许有1~2处大错。
第二档:(10~12分)
能写明绝大部分要点;语言有少量错误;行文基本连贯,表达清楚;全文允许有3~4处大错。
第三档:(7~9分)
能写明大部分要点;语言有部分错误;表达基本清楚;全文允许有4~5处大错。
第四档:(4~6分)
能写出部分要点;语言有较多错误;表达欠完整,但尚能达意;全文至少有2~3个句子可读。
第五档:(1~3分)
行文表达不清楚,只写出个别单词、词组或短语;只有一个句子可读。
从上述两则书面表达评分标准来看,其评卷要求都是按内容和语言表达两部分来打分的,评卷的总体原则是 “重表达轻结构”。因此,对于常见的搭配错误、时态错误、语态错误等表达不规范的错误,同学们应引以为戒。
五、应试策略
(一)写作前
1. 认真审题
弄清题目要求写什么时,注意把握四个方面:文体、主题、人称和时态。文体即明确是写记叙文、说明文,还是写议论文、应用文(如书信、通知、日记、便条等),而不同文体的格式要求又是什么;主题主要是确定作文所要表达的内容;人称是指写作时要弄清楚是用第一人称、第二人称还是用第三人称来进行叙述和描写;时态则是确定行文是用单纯的现在时态、过去时态、将来时态等还是用多种时态的综合。
2. 列出要点
书面表达评分的基本原则是以要点给分。所谓要点就是体现文章主要内容的几个关键单词。能否写出所有主要内容要点是得分的关键,要点越齐全,得高分的可能性就越大。在审清题意和获取必要的信息,如时间、地点、人物、事件、结果等后,可列出要点,并按正确的逻辑排列,同时考虑一下要选用的词汇和句型。为防止写作过程中遗漏,情景中给出的各个要点都要逐条列出。
(二)写作中
这一步骤最好在草稿纸上进行,以便于修改和增减。在组句成文的过程中,要注意:
1. 扩词成句时,使用自己最熟悉、最有把握的词语和句型,尽量少用“大词”和较复杂的语法结构和句型;尽量使用简单句,在有把握的情况下,可以尝试使用非谓语动词、复合句等复杂句式。
2. 遇到想不起来的单词或句型时,可采用同义词、近义词以及同义句型来替代,避免出错。
3. 语言表达要符合英语习惯,切忌套用母语的语言规则,然后再将汉语译成英语。
4. 连句成篇,注意过渡。将要点按一定的次序(如时间或空间)进行整理后,应使用一些表示并列、递进、转换的过渡词,使句子、段落和篇章保持逻辑上的关联和语义上的连贯。恰当地使用过渡词会使文章显得逻辑性强、结构紧凑、意义贯通。当然,过渡词也不可滥用,否则就有画蛇添足之嫌。
a. 表示列举和顺序关系的有:first, second, third, next, then, finally, lastly, after that, first of all, to begin with, for one thing… and for another…等。
b. 表示解释和说明的有:for example, for instance, that is, namely, that is to say, such as, in other words, and so on等。
c. 表示增补和引申关系的有:and, also, furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, above all, whats more, whats better, in the same way等。
d. 表示转折和对比的有:but, still, anyway, however, though, on the contrary, only, on the other hand, for all that, in contrast, similarly, at the same time等。
e. 表示因果和结论的有:as, since, for, accordingly, as a result, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, so, therefore, thus等。
f. 表示概括和总结的有:altogether, therefore, in conclusion, in brief, on the whole, in short, in a word等。
g. 表示时间先后顺序关系的有:first, then, by now, next, after, after that, during, before, later, while, meanwhile, at present, finally等。
(三)写作后
认真誊写,整体检查。将所写的短文草稿认真誊写在试卷上。注意从整体上检查短文的文体格式是否正确;要点是否有遗漏或误解;查看句子结构是否完整,词语搭配是否正确得当;查看句子的时态、语态有无错误,主谓是否一致,名词的单复数、代词的格、冠词、介词等的使用是否有错;查看单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错,标点符号有无遗漏或用错;过渡词是否自然以及最后还要数一数字数是否符合题目要求。
六、常见文体题解
(一)记叙文
一般说来,英语记叙文和汉语的一样,有六大“要素”,即时间、地点、人物、原因、经过和结果。写记叙文时,要注意兼顾这几大要素。另外,记叙文还应讲究写作顺序。一般来说,记叙文的写作顺序主要包括顺叙和倒叙两种。顺叙是指按照事件发生、发展的先后顺序进行写作。而倒叙则指将某些后发生的细节,甚至是事件的最后结果先提到前面叙述,这样可以起到引人入胜的效果。因此,在记叙文的写作过程中,一定要避免内容空洞、平铺直叙,否则就很难给人留下深刻的印象,得分不高就在所难免。
典型题例1:(2013年青岛卷)
同学们,三年的初中生活就要结束了,在我们的成长过程中,既有快乐,也有烦恼。请用英文写一篇短文,内容包括:1. 你在学校或家里曾经遇到的最大问题或烦恼;2. 你解决问题或烦恼的过程;3. 你的感想。
要求:1. 词数:80~100。开头已给出,不计入总词数;2. 文中不得出现真实的校名与人名。
My middle school life is coming to an end. During the three years, not only did I have happy time, but I had kinds of problems. My biggest problem was
范文:
My middle school life is coming to an end. During the three years, not only did I have happy time, but I had kinds of problems. My biggest problem was from my parents. They wanted me to spend all my time on my lessons. They didnt allow me to play computer games or have outdoor activities with my friends.
I couldnt stand the strict rules. So I wrote a letter and told my parents that I knew it was important to do well in schoolwork. I would make good use of the time and try to do well in schoolwork first. After a long talk with my parents, they agreed that I could have free time and do something I like.
Now I have realized communication with our parents is a good way to solve our problems.
典型题例2:(2013年盐城卷)
假设你是江华,下周一你所在班级将举行英语课外阅读交流会。请根据以下提示,用英语写一篇短文,向同学们介绍 The Famous RabbitTortoise Race 这一故事。
Rabbitwin the second race
be good at runningTortoisewin the third race
swim across the rivertake turns to put… on the back
reach… togetherWhat I have learned: …要求:
1.文章必须包含所提供的主要信息,并适当发挥;
2.文中不得出现真实的人名和校名;
3.词数:90左右(开头已写好,不计入总词数)。
We all know that the rabbit lost the first race against the tortoise.
范文:
We all know that the rabbit lost the first race against the tortoise. After that the rabbit decided to have a second race. This time he didnt sleep and won because he was good at running. However, the tortoise didnt give up. He had a third race with the rabbit. There was a river on the way. The tortoise swam across it quickly and won. The story does not end here. In the last race they took turns to put each on the back and reached the finishing point together. From the story I have learned that with teamwork all of us can achieve success.
(二)议论文
议论文是一种说理型文体,作者要通过摆事实、讲道理来说服读者同意自己的观点或接受自己的建议。在写作手法上,议论文与说明文关系最为密切,都有许多说明的成分,但说明文是客观地解释事物、方法、观点等,不期望改变读者的思想,而议论文是通过主观的说明,以求改变读者的思想或观点。
在近几年的中考中,议论文所占比例越来越多,议论文的出题形式也是形式多样,有看图写作、图表、表格、书信、发言稿、漫画理解等各种类型,但它们的文体实际上是议论文,或者是夹叙夹议的议论文。
议论文的写作特点:
1. 观点鲜明,文章一定有一个明确的中心论点。
2. 层次分明,一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持,不同层次之间要分明,过渡清晰自然。
3. 最后一段一般要总结全文,得出一个符合逻辑的结论,突出中心思想。
4. 一般采用一般现在时。
5. 语言简洁有力,一般不采用口语。
6. 在中考命题中,议论文设题通常以立论和对比观点的居多。
典型题例1:(2013年三亚卷)
假如你叫李明,最近你和你父母就“周末学生该不该与同学外出活动”进行了讨论。现在请你以Should teenagers go out with their friends on weekends? 为题,参照表内所提供的信息,写一篇英语短文。
Your parents ideasYour ideas1. go over lessons…2. have a good sleep…3. help parents do housework …注意: 1. 开头部分已写好。你只需接着写。
2. 所写内容必须包括表格中他们的想法和你的至少三个想法。
3. 词数:70左右。
Should teenagers go out with their
friends on weekends?
Recently Ive had a discussion with my parents about whether teenagers should go out with their friends on weekends.
范文:
Should teenagers go out with
their friends on weekends?
Recently Ive had a discussion with my parents about whether teenagers should go out with their friends on weekends. My parents think that teenagers should stay at home to go over their lessons. And they should have enough time to have a good sleep. In the meanwhile, they should help their parents do some housework.
In my opinion, we teenagers should go out with our friends for fun so that we can relax more. And we can also share ideas with each other. Whats more, we can also take some exercise together to keep fit.
典型题例2:(2013年兰州卷)
同学们,在刚才的答题过程中,大家已经阅读和欣赏了诗歌、书评、杂志专栏、新闻、 寓言、科普故事等不同的材料。著名作家Francis Bacon曾说过:“Reading makes a full man.”可见,阅读对于每个人的成长都有着举足轻重的作用。请你根据以下信息提示,结合自己的观点,以“Reading Makes a Full Man”为题,写一篇90词左右的短文,表达你对阅读的看法和计划。
要求:句子结构准确,要点齐全,内容合理,篇章结构连贯。
★ Why do we need to read?To get knowledge, open the mind, be more intelligent(聪明的),learn a foreign language…★ What can we read?Textbooks, newspapers, magazines …★ What are your reading plans?Reading at least…books in the coming holiday…★……范文:
Reading Makes a Full Man
Reading is very important in our life. We can get knowledge through reading. It can not only open our minds but also make us more intelligent. Besides, reading is also one of the most
important ways to learn a foreign language like
English.
Textbooks, newspapers, magazines and other kinds of reading materials can help us know more about the outside world and help us grow into an excellent person.
Im planning to read at least 5 books in the coming holiday. And Ill spend more time reading every day in my senior high school life. Reading makes a full man! Lets start reading now.
(三)说明文
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识的文章。它通过对事物的解说,或对抽象事理的阐释,使人们对事物的形态、构造、性质、种类、成因、功能、关系或对事物的概念、特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识,从而获得有关知识。
写英语说明文应注意以下几个方面:
1.注意审题
在提笔之前,仔细阅读题干,弄清题目要求,思考几个问题:我要写什么?我要写给谁?我应该如何向读者很好地传达思想?想好了这几个问题,写作前就有了准备。
2.注意写好主题句
主题句能够体现全文的中心思想,鉴于主题句的作用和特点,其表述一定要清晰具体,最好用陈述句来表达。
3.注意行文的统一性和连贯性
一篇好文章,首先要有统一性,也就是文章的中心思想要明确,一切事实、材料、手段的运用都围绕这个中心并突出这个中心。一些与主题关联不多的材料尽量不要使用,以保证文章的统一性。连贯性主要表现在段与段之间的关系上,后一段应该是前一段的自然过渡和发展。在形式上,段首可用一些关联词来体现这种段与段之间的逻辑关系,恰当的关联词可以使文章条理清晰,富有连贯性。
4.注意说明顺序
要把说明文写得条理分明,必须掌握说明顺序。常用的说明顺序有:空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序、认识顺序。空间顺序是指从整体到局部,从上到下,从外到内,从前到后等顺序;时间顺序是指从先到后的顺序;逻辑顺序是指先因后果或先果后因,先主后次的顺序。认识顺序是指由此及彼,由浅入深,由局部到整体,由现象到本质,由具体到抽象的顺序。
典型题例1:(2013年荆州卷)健康对我们来说非常重要,我们有很多方法来保持身体健康。请根据下面表格的提示,以“Good Ways to Keep Healthy”为题,写一篇80个词左右的短文,倡议“健康生活”,从三个方面说明如何保持健康。短文首句已给出,不记入总词数,可适当发挥。
1fooda balanced diet, vegetables, fruit, less meat…2exercisedo more exercise, take a walk, play ball games…3happinesskeep happy, make friends, smile…Good Ways to Keep Healthy
It is very important for us to keep healthy. But do you know the ways to keep us healthy?
范文:
Good Ways to Keep Healthy
It is very important for us to keep healthy. But do you know the ways to keep us healthy?
First, we need to have healthy eating habits, we can eat a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit, but wed better eat less meat. Different kinds of foods are necessary, its also important to eat a balanced diet.
Then, playing sports every day can also help us keep fit. We can take walks after dinner, we can walk to school instead of taking a bus, after school we can spend hours playing basketball or soccer with our friends. We should try to do more exercise every day.
Happiness is another way to keep healthy. When we are lonely or unhappy, try to make friends, it is a good way to keep us happy. If you smile often, you also feel happy. So, be happy to be healthy.
典型题例2:(2013年南昌卷)
母爱情深,母爱无价;学会感恩,学会回报。某英语网站举办以“My mother”为题的英语征文活动。请你根据下列思维导图提供的信息,写一篇短文,介绍自己的母亲和你们的真情故事。
提示:1. 短文应包括导图中的全部信息,条理清楚,行文连贯,段落分明;
2.短文中不能出现真实的人名和地名;
3.词数不少于80,开头已给出,不计入总词数。
My mother
We need love. We also need to love. The person I love most is my mother.
范文:
My mother
We need love. We also need to love. The person I love most is my mother. My mother is 41 years old. She is of medium build with long black hair. She is quiet. She is a history teacher in a middle school. She likes dancing. She can cook delicious food.
She did a lot for me when I was a child. She bought whatever I needed for my study, even though she didnt have much money. She sent me from piano lessons to dancing lessons at the weekend. She cooked delicious and healthy food for me.
When I grow up, I will do what I can to make my mother happy. I will find a good job after I graduate from college. Ill save money and buy beautiful clothes that make her look still young. Ill take her to wonderful sights around China. Above all, I will stay with her when I have free time. Thats what she wants most, I think.
(四)应用文
应用文包括书信、日记、便条、通知、讲演稿、履历表、新闻报道、电子邮件等。通常应用文都较简短,它有自己的固定格式,有些应用文连措辞都是相对固定的,如:欠条、请柬等。应用文重在应用,力求平实、准确、简洁。
1.书信
书信一般来说由以下几个部分组成:
(1)信封(envelope)。英语的信封和中文的一样,有三部分组成,即发信人地址、收信人地址和邮票。只不过英语信封的格式除了邮票所贴的位置(信封的右上角)和中文的一样外,英语信封上要写的发信人和收信人的地址和中文的大不一样。发信人的地址应写在信封的左上角,收信人的地址应写在信封偏中右偏下处。
(2)信头 (heading),即写发信人的地址和日期(右上角)。
(3)信内姓名地址 (inside address),即写收信人的姓名和地址(左上角)。
(4)称呼 (salutation),即写对收信人的尊称(一般用Dear Mr. … ; Dear Madam Helen; Dear Miss… ; Dear John; Dear Professor Smith等)。称呼直接写在收信人地址的正下方,中间空一至二行。称呼后面的标点一般只能用逗号。
注:如果是相当熟悉和随便的朋友之间,因为彼此都知道对方的地址,信头和信内的地址常常省略。
(5)正文 (body),即信件内的主要内容。正文第一句一般和称呼之间空一至二行。
(6)信尾客套语 (complimentary close),即写信人在信的右(或左)下角,写上表示自己对收信人一种礼貌客气的谦称。一般有Sincerely; Sincerely yours; Yours sincerely; Friendly yours; Truly yours; Yours truly; Cordially yours; Yours cordially等。
(7)信尾签名 (signature),即亲笔签上写信人自己的姓名。
典型题例:
假设你是李华,你的美国朋友Chris 给你发来email,询问你校正在开展的“低碳生活”(lowcarbon lifestyle)活动情况。请就以下几个方面的活动内容用英语写一封回信。
1. 上学(步行或骑自行车);
2. 校内(节电节水,双面书写);
3. 购物(使用环保购物袋);
4. 你对活动的看法。
注意:1. 词数120左右;2. 可适当增加细节,使行文连贯。
范文:
Dear Chris,
Im happy to receive your email asking about what we are doing to promote a lowcarbon lifestyle. Now let me tell you something about it.
All of us are taking an active part in it. We choose to go to school by bike or on foot rather than by bus or car. Before we leave our classroom, we make sure the lights and the computers are switched off. We turn off the tap after we wash our hands. In order to make full use of paper, we write on both sides. Besides, while shopping, we no longer use plastic bags but carry environmentally friendly shopping bags that can be used repeatedly.
I think what we are doing is meaningful, which can help us form good habits. I hope more people around us will choose a lowcarbon lifestyle. Only in this way will the earth remain a good place to live on.
What about you? Looking forward to your
reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
2.感谢信
感谢信是受到对方某种恩惠,如受到邀请、接待、慰问,收到礼品及得到帮助之后,而表达感谢之情的信函。由于感谢信属于应用文体,在格式上可以看作是一种形式简单的书信,因此在写感谢信时,同学们要注意以下内容:(1)称谓;(2)说明为什么要感谢;(3)再次表示致谢、问候;(4)署名。
感谢信在结构上由称呼、正文、签名和日期四个部分组成。其格式如下图所示:
Sunday(日期)
Dear Mr. Hu, (称呼)
(正 文)
Yours,
Li Ming(签名)
典型题例:
假如你是图中这位老人的儿子,名叫李明。请给图中的男孩张力写一封感谢信,感谢他在上周日为你父亲所做的一切。
注意:1. 写作应包括图示的主要内容;
2. 可适当增加细节,使行文流畅。
范文:
Dear Zhang Li,
Im sending you this short letter of thanks with a small present, which I hope you will like. Thank you very much for helping my father last Sunday,when he broke his leg on the stairs.
My father told me that he had fallen and hurt his leg badly. He could not get up or walk. Then you came to help him. You called a taxi for my father, and took him to the nearest hospital. When the doctor told you my fathers leg was broken, you phoned me and told me what had happened. My father is already much better now. He will have to stay in hospital for another week, and then he can come home.
Once again, my parents and I want to express our gratitude for all you have done for our family. You are such a warmhearted student.
Best wishes,
Yours truly,
Li Ming
3.email
写email时,首先必须在标题(Heading)栏的“收件人(To)”框中输入收信人的email 地址。“主题(Subject)”框的内容应简明地概括信的内容,短的可以是一个单词,如greetings;长的可以是一个名词性短语,也可以是完整句,但长度一般不超过35个字母。“主题”框的内容切忌含糊不清。像News about the meeting 这样的表达,应改为Tomorrows meeting canceled。一般来说,只要将位于句首的单词和专有名词的首字母大写即可。另外一种较为正规的格式可将除了少于5个字母的介词、连接词或冠词之外的每一个单词的首字母大写,如:New Email Address Notification。视信的内容是否重要,还可以开头加上URGENT或者FYI(For Your Information),如:URGENT:Submit your report today!
email一般使用非正式的文体,因此正文(Body)前的称呼(Salutation)通常无须使用诸如“Dear Mr. John”之类的表达。在同辈的亲朋好友或同事间可以直呼其名,但对长辈或上级最好使用头衔加上姓。如:Tommy,或者Mr. Smith。
email文体的另外一个特点是简单明了,便于阅读,太长的内容可以以附件发出。一个段落大多仅由一到三个句子组成。信尾客套话(Complimentary close)通常也很简明。常常只需一个词,如:“Thanks”,“Best”,“Cheers”,不需要用一般信函中的“Sincerely yours”或“Best regards”。称呼和正文之间,段落之间,正文和信尾客套话之间一般空一行,开头无须空格。如:
Jimmy,
I received your memo and will discuss it with Eric on Wednesday.
Best wishes,
David
email的非正式的文体特点并不意味着它的撰写可以马虎行事,特别是给长辈或上级写信,或者撰写业务信函更是如此。写完信后,一定要认真检查有无拼写、语法和标点符号错误。
典型题例:(2013年安徽卷)
今天是父亲节。假定你是李华,请给你的美国朋友John写一封电子邮件,谈谈你将如何与父亲一起度过这个特别的日子。要点如下:
● 表述你与父亲间的情感;
● 为父亲制作一张卡片;
● 帮助父亲做点事;
● 陪父亲散步等。
注意:1. 词数80-100;
2. 请不要逐句翻译,可适当发挥;
3. 邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。
Dear John,
Its Fathers Day today. Its a special day, isnt it?
What your plan for Fathers Day? Im looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Li Hua
范文:
Dear John,
Its Fathers Day today. Its a special day, isnt it?
I think we should do something to show our love for our fathers on this special day. My father and I are good friends. Whenever I meet with difficulties, he is always there, ready to help me.
Today I will make a beautiful card for him, with my thanks and best wishes on it. Then I will help him wash the car this afternoon and cook his favorite food in the evening. Besides, Ill take a walk with him after dinner and then play chess with him, for he likes it very much. Im sure hell be very happy.
Whats your plan for Fathers Day? Im looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,
Li Hua
4.日记
日记是用以记叙一天生活中所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。写日记时要注意以下几点:
1. 格式:英文日记和中文日记的写法大致相同。一般是第一行写上日期、星期、天气状况。日期通常顶格写,后面是星期,天气状况写在右上角。表示天气状况的词一般用形容词,如: fine, cold, rainy, windy, cloudy, sunny, snowy, foggy等。正文部分另起一行。
2. 人称:日记要用第一人称写。
3. 时态:写日记的时间一般是在下午或晚上,也有在第二天补记的。所记叙的事情通常发生在过去,所以常用一般过去时态。但如果要记叙天气、描写景色、展望未来、议论某事或对话引语等,可以使用一般现在时或一般将来时,以生动再现当时的情景。
4. 写作顺序:日记一般按照时间顺序或事情的经过来写。语言要清楚、自然,内容要连贯、完整。
5. 类型:日记可分为记事型、议论型、描写型以及抒情型等类型。记事型日记,就是用所学英语词汇记述当天自己生活中所发生的事情。议论型,就是对生活中的某一事情或情况、现象发表自己的看法。描写型就是对某人、某物的特征进行细致的描述,或对某事物抒发自己的感情。
典型题例:(2013年日照卷)
假如你是Tom,上周日下午和朋友在小区(neighborhood)空地踢球,请根据图片提示写一篇90词左右的日记。
要求:1. 根据前三幅图片所描述的情景,发挥想象,写出事情的结局;
2. 内容合乎情理,故事完整;
3. 文中不要出现你的真实姓名和学校名称;
4. 文章的开头已给出,不计入总词数。
Wednesday, June 12, Sunny
范文:
Wednesday, June 12, Sunny
Last Sunday afternoon,some of my best friends and I went to play football in the open ground inside our neighborhood. We really had a good time! Suddenly I kicked the ball so hard that it flew at a window. It was broken! An angry woman looked out of the window, shouting at us. We were all too frightened! She asked who did that. I went up and said sorry to her. The woman told us not to play football around next time. A bad day!
5.通知
在英语里,通知有书面通知和口头通知两种。书面通知又叫通告或布告。它是上级组织对下级组织,单位对员工部署工作、传达事情或召开会议所使用的一种应用文。
书面通知的用词比较正式。一般由标题、正文和结尾三部分组成。为了醒目起见,通知正文上方的中央位置往往写上Notice或NOTICE。然后在标题下方一至两行处写通知的内容,这是通知的主体内容,要求写得言简意赅,对通知的对象、事情、时间和地点等应交代清楚,要求明确。接着在正文的右下方写发通知的单位或负责人姓名。在正文的左下方,低于写发通知单位一两行处顶格写通知日期(也可以写在右上角)。
口头通知比书面通知要口语化,开头往往有称呼语,如Ladies and gentlemen/ Boys and girls/ Dear friends 等。正文开头时一般有提醒听众注意的词语和句子。如:Please be quiet everyone!/ Attention please!/ May I take your attention please?/ Ive something to tell you. / I will tell you something very important.等。在口头通知讲完后要对听众说声结束语 Thats all, thank you. 以示礼貌。
典型题例1:
假设你所在的梅园小区最近发生了多次偷窃事件,请你以居委会的名义写一份紧急通知,给居民们一些具体指导。告诉大家:出门之前一定要关闭门窗,保管好钱、珠宝等贵重物品;如有陌生人敲门,一定要问清楚对方是谁后再开门;出门时间较长的居民要请人代取报纸和邮件,以免让坏人知道家中无人。
注意:1. 不要逐字翻译,但文章应包含以上内容。 2. 词数为100个单词。
范文:
Notice
Your attention, please. A lot of theft cases
happening in our community have been reported
lately. The following are some guidelines for
safety.
First of all, when you leave your room, do lock the door and shut the windows. Secondly, do not leave money, jewelry, or valuables exposed in your room. When someone you dont know knocks at your door, always ask who it is before you open the door. Finally, for those who will be away from home for several days, remember to have someone pick up your newspapers and mails. Dont advertise that you are away!
If you follow the above, Im sure you will avoid having unpleasant experiences.
January 5, 2014
Meiyuan Community
典型题例2:(2013年武汉卷)
假设你是李明,本周班会上,你将代表老师用英语通知学生参加一次敬老院的公益活动。
要点如下:
1. 星期天早上8:30在校门口集合,乘公共汽车前往;
2. 给老人们赠送班级礼物;
3. 打扫卫生,整理房间;
4. 唱歌、跳舞、讲故事、聊天,给老人们带去快乐;
5. 活动很有意义,希望积极参与;
6.补充一至两点你对本次活动的看法。
注意:词数60~80,书面表达的开头已给出,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:1. chat v. 聊天2. meaningful adj. 有意义的3. cheer up ……高兴
Fellow students,
We will pay a visit to the old peoples home this Sunday.
范文:
Fellow students,
We will pay a visit to the old peoples home this Sunday. Well have to meet at the school gate at 8:30 on Sunday morning and then go there by bus. There we will do some cleaning and tidy the rooms. After that we will have many activities, such as singing, dancing, telling stories and chatting to cheer up the old. Before we leave, well give our presents to them.
I hope all of us can take an active part. Through the meaningful activities, we can learn to care for the old.
Thats all, thank you.
6.演讲稿
演讲稿也叫演说辞,它是在较为隆重的仪式上和某些公众场所发表的讲话文稿。演讲稿的格式与一般文章的格式原则上大致相同,其结构常分为开头、主体和结尾三个部分。演讲就是用强有力的语言号召听众响应你的观点,因此写演讲稿,要注意突出其观点鲜明、结构清楚、语言流畅的特点。
典型题例1:(2013年滨州卷)
请你根据下表中所提供的信息以“Learn to express thanks”为题,用英语写一篇演讲稿。
背景1. 认为上中学时吃好穿好是应该的;
2. 走向社会后没有感恩意识。学会感恩1. 感谢社会提供良好的教育机会;
2. 感谢父母供养自己上学;
3. 感谢老师传授知识;
4. 感谢朋友的支持与鼓励。参考词汇:enter society 进入社会,sense of thanks 感恩意识,behavior 行为
要求:1. 短文应包括所提供的所有内容,可以适当发挥,不要简单翻译;
2. 演讲稿中不得出现真实的人名、地名及能够透露你个人身份的信息;
3. 词数:80词左右。开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。
Good morning, boys and girls!
The topic of my speech today is “Learn to express thanks”.
In the future, we should never forget our society, parents, teachers and so on. At present, we should study harder in order to make our world more beautiful.
Thank you for your listening!
范文:
Learn to express thanks
Good morning, boys and girls!
The topic of my speech today is “Learn to express thanks”. We find some students want to eat well and wear fashionable clothes at school. When they leave school and enter society, they dont show any sense of thanks.
I think this behavior is not correct. As students, we should learn to express thanks. The society offers us a chance to receive good education. And our parents also support us to go to school. Our teachers teach us much knowledge, so we should thank them. We should also thank our friends because they give us courage and support.
In the future, we should never forget our society, parents, teachers and so on. At present, we should study harder in order to make our world more beautiful.
Thank you for your listening!
典型题例2:(2013年福州卷)
为了进一步增强中学生的安全意识,提高自我保护能力,某校开展了以安全为主题的英语演讲比赛。请你根据以下要点提示写一篇演讲稿。
注意:1)内容必须包括所给的全部要点,可适当发挥;
2)表达清楚,语句通顺,意思连贯,书写规范;
3)词数80左右,文章开头已给出,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:be careful, on line, danger, call… for, go bad
How to keep safe?
As teenagers we should always keep safety in mind. But how can we keep safe? Here are some of my suggestions.
First,
范文:
How to keep safe?
As teenagers, we should always keep safety in mind. But how can we keep safe? Here are some of my suggestions.
First, we should be careful when we make friends, especially on line. Second, if we are in danger, we must call the police for help in time so that we can keep ourselves safe. Also, we ought to eat healthily and safely. Eating food that goes bad will do harm to our health. Last but not least, summer is coming, and we must remember its dangerous to swim in the river.
In short, safety must come first!