安云霞,韦立新,李 杰,范军振
解放军总医院 病理科,北京 100853
囊性肾瘤20例临床病理分析
安云霞,韦立新,李 杰,范军振
解放军总医院 病理科,北京 100853
目的 研究囊性肾瘤的临床特点、病理学形态、免疫表型和鉴别诊断。方法收集我院2006 - 2013年经病理确诊的囊性肾瘤20例,总结与分析其临床特点、组织学形态及免疫组化表达情况,并探讨其鉴别诊断。结果囊性肾瘤男性略多于女性,平均年龄52岁,临床症状多为体检发现肾肿物。影像学(B超、CT、MRI)方法提示肾囊性占位性病变。肿物多累及肾左侧,位于中下极者略多,最大径平均值为3.0 cm。肿瘤以手术切除为主,其中后腹腔镜下肾根治性切除术7例,肾部分切除术6例,保留肾单位肾肿瘤剜除术5例,肾囊肿去顶减压术2例。大体为囊性肿物,镜下囊壁衬附扁平、立方或鞋钉样上皮细胞。间隔多为纤维组织样。免疫组化染色显示:上皮细胞阳性例数/总例数为细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin,CK) (7/7)、CK7(2/3)、CK19(1/1)、CD10(1/7),间质细胞阳性例数/总例数为孕激素受体(3/3)、雌激素受体(2/3)、CD10(1/7)。结论囊性肾瘤是发生于肾的罕见的良性囊性肿瘤。其临床表现无特异性。影像学检查是发现本病的常用手段,病理学检查是确诊本病的金标准。本病应与多房囊性肾细胞癌和部分囊状分化的肾母细胞瘤鉴别。其治疗以手术切除为主。
囊性肾瘤;病理学特点;诊断,鉴别
肾囊性病变种类繁多,有遗传性、发育性和获得性3大类[1]。其中囊性肾瘤与多房囊性肾细胞癌及部分囊状分化的肾母细胞瘤容易引起混淆[2]。本文回顾我院经病理确诊的囊性肾瘤20例,总结其临床表现、病理学特点及治疗手段,以提高对该病的认识能力。
1 资料 收集2006 - 2013年在本院接受治疗并经病理确诊的囊性肾瘤20例。其中男性12例,女性8例。年龄29 ~ 79岁,平均52岁。临床表现为无痛性肉眼血尿3例,腰部剧烈胀痛1例,体检发现肾肿瘤16例。B超、CT、MRI均提示囊性占位性病变。
2 肿瘤处理 后腹腔镜下肾根治性切除术7例,后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术6例,后腹腔镜下保留肾单位肾肿瘤剜除术5例,后腹腔镜下肾囊肿去顶减压术2例。手术切除肿瘤标本均送病理检查。
3 病理检查 手术标本均经10%甲醛固定、取材、脱水、石蜡包埋、切片及HE染色,光学显微镜下观察。辅助手段免疫组化染色过程为石蜡标本连续切片,烤片,切片脱蜡、水化,高压修复组织抗原,封闭内源性过氧化物酶,一抗孵育,二抗孵育,DAB显色,复染、脱水、透明、封片。所染切片在光学显微镜下观察。一抗有细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin,CK)、细胞角蛋白7(cytokeratin,CK,CK7)、细胞角蛋白19(CK19)、共同型急性淋巴细胞白血病抗原(CD10)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)、雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER),购自中杉金桥公司和DAKO公司。
1 病理大体形态 肿瘤发生于左侧肾者12例,右侧肾者8例,位于肾中下极及下极者10例,位于中部者2例,位于中上极及上极者7例,位于肾盂者1例。肿瘤最大为4 cm×3.8 cm×3.5 cm,最小为2 cm×1.5 cm×1.5 cm,肿瘤最大径平均值为3.0 cm。肿物与周围组织分界清楚,有包膜,切面呈囊性,多房,囊内壁光滑,多数囊腔内含物为浆液性液体,也可有血性液体。
2 病理光镜下形态 肿物囊壁衬附上皮为扁平状、立方形或鞋钉样(图1A,图1B),多为单层,也可见局部上皮增生形成乳头状结构,也有区域衬附上皮缺失。上皮细胞胞质嗜酸,也可透明。肿物间隔多为纤维组织样,有时可见簇状成熟的肾小管位于其内,间隔中还可见似卵巢样间质的细胞(图1C)。
图 1 囊性肾瘤HE染色(×200) A:肿瘤囊壁衬附上皮为扁平、立方样; B:肿瘤囊壁衬附上皮为鞋钉样; C:肿瘤囊壁间质似卵巢样间质Fig. 1 Cystic nephroma HE staining (×200) A: HE staining showing fat, cubic epithelial cells in tumor wall lining; B: HE staining showing hobnail epithelial cells in tumor wall lining; C: HE staining showing ovarian-like stroma in tumor septum
3 免疫组化表达 上皮细胞为CK阳性7例(总例数为7例),CK7阳性例数2例(总例数为3例),CK19阳性例数1例(总例数为1例),CD10阳性例数1例(总例数为7例)。间质细胞PR阳性 3例(总例数为3例),ER阳性例数2例(总例数为3例),CD10阳性例数1例(总例数为7例)。
囊性肾瘤是发生于肾的一种罕见的良性肿瘤[3]。本病由Edmunds[4]于1892年首次报道。曾有多房性囊性肾、肾囊性腺瘤、肾淋巴瘤、多房性肾囊肿、囊性错构瘤等多种名称[5]。近来,有文献报道本病与混合型上皮-间质肾肿瘤为同一疾病[6-8]。多数学者认为本病与先天性肾集合小管发育不良有关[9-10]。Beckwith[11]认为本病是胎肾组织在怀孕期间未生长为正常肾实质的缘故。Cheng等[12-13]考虑其是肾多囊性病变发生中的某个阶段,或是肾母细胞瘤的变异亚型。
囊性肾瘤在儿童与成人均可发生[14]。儿童型囊性肾瘤常见于2岁之前,男女比为2∶1;成人型囊性肾瘤常见于30岁之后,男女比为1∶8[2]。本研究中均为成人型,男女比为1.5∶1。临床症状无特异性表现多为体检发现肾肿物,也可有肉眼血尿、腰部疼痛等。B超、CT、MRI能提示囊性占位性病变,其对肿瘤的发现有重要作用,然而对肿瘤的性质很难得出正确的判定[15]。
囊性肾瘤大体上表现为单发的界限清楚的类圆形肿物,切面多房囊性,囊内壁光滑,内含淡黄色稀薄液体或血性液体。镜下表现为囊壁组织衬附单层扁平、立方或鞋钉样上皮细胞,细胞质多为嗜酸性,也可透明。间质为纤维组织样、成纤维细胞样,也可似卵巢样间质。间隔内可见簇状成熟的肾小管。文献报道,若肿瘤组织中存在岛状的肾细胞癌样的透明细胞,则提示恶性倾向[16]。免疫组化染色显示上皮细胞表达CK、CK7、CK19。囊壁衬附上皮细胞恒定表达远曲小管和(或)集合管标记物[17]。间质成分可表达PR、ER,此种情况文献亦有报道[18]。本组抗体CD10在7例肿瘤中,有1例表现为衬附上皮阳性,有1例表现为间质阳性。
成人型囊性肾瘤最重要的鉴别诊断是多房囊性肾细胞癌。多房囊性肾细胞癌也为囊性肿物,衬附单层扁平或肥胖状上皮,细胞质透亮或淡染。间隔成分为纤维组织,其内可见与衬附上皮相似的灶状透明细胞。两者在形态学上无法鉴别时,则需借助免疫组化,上皮细胞CD10阳性,多支持多房囊性肾细胞癌,间质细胞PR或ER阳性多支持囊性肾瘤。
儿童型囊性肾瘤的诊断需除外部分囊状分化的肾母细胞瘤。部分囊状分化的肾母细胞瘤是肾母细胞瘤的一种亚型,囊壁部分可衬附扁平、立方或鞋钉样上皮细胞,与囊性肾瘤相似。但其间隔内有胚芽、胚胎性间叶或上皮等幼稚性成分,间叶成分可为横纹肌或黏液样,也可见软骨和脂肪组织。而囊性肾瘤间隔内不应出现上述成分。间隔成分的不同有助于鉴别两者。
囊性肾瘤生物学行为善良,治疗以手术切除为主,无需淋巴结清扫,也无需化疗或放疗[5]。手术应以切除全部肿瘤组织、保留肾功能为原则[19]。对于有症状或囊肿较大者,综合患者年龄、身体状况、肿瘤情况、患肾及对侧肾功能选择肾全切或肾部分切除。如患者无症状或囊肿体积较小,可选择随诊观察。
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Clinical pathology of cystic nephroma: An analysis of 20 cases
AN Yun-xia, WEI Li-xin, LI Jie, FAN Jun-zhen
Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
WEI Li-xin. Email:weilx301@263.net
ObjectiveTo study the clinical features, pathological morphology, immune phenotypes and differential diagnosis of cystic nephroma.MethodsTwenty cystic nephroma patients admitted to our hospital from 2006 to 2013 were included in this study. The clinical features, pathological morphology, immune phenotype and differential diagnosis of cystic nephroma were analyzed.ResultsThe incidence of cystic nephroma was higher in male patients than in female patients with an average age of 52 years. Their clinical symptoms were usually found in physical examination. B-type ultrasound, CT and MRI showed that cystic nephroma was an occupying lesion in kidney with left kidney involved. The tumor was frequently located in the lower pole with a maximum average diameter of 3.0 cm and usually surgically removed. Of the 20 cystic nephroma patients, 7 underwent radical nephrectomy, 6 underwent partial nephrectomy, 5 received enuleation with nephron preserved, and 2 received decompression. Flat, cubic or hobnail epithelial cells were found in the cystic lining under microscope. Fibrous tissue was observed in the tumor septum. Immunohistochemistry staining showed CK(7/7), CK7(2/3), CK19(1/1), CD10(1/7), and PR(3/3), ER(2/3), CD10(1/7).ConclusionCystic nephroma is a rare and benign cystic tumor in kidney with no specifc clinical manifestations. B-type ultrasound, CT and MRI are the most commonly used accessory tools for its diagnosis. Pathology is the gold standard for its diagnosis. Cystic nephroma should be differentially diagnosed from partially differentiated cystic nephroblastoma and cystic renal cell carcinoma. Cystic nephroma is usually surgically removed.
cystic nephroma; pathological features; diagnosis, differential
R 737.11
A
2095-5227(2014)07-0710-03
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.07.018
时间:2014-03-13 17:51
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20140313.1751.002.html
2014-01-24
安云霞,女,硕士,在读硕士。Email:anyxthankyou@163.com
韦立新 ,男,博士生导师,主任医师。Email:weilx301@263.net