红河哈尼梯田世界遗产的可持续性浅释

侯卫东

红河哈尼梯田世界遗产的可持续性浅释

侯卫东

哈尼梯田1）于2013年被世界遗产组织正式登录为世界文化景观遗产。这一发源于中国西南大山深处的人类文明的痕迹得到世界的公认，是全球文明的幸运，也是哈尼各族人民的骄傲。

哈尼梯田以其融合自然与人类智慧于一炉的特殊文化景观而著名，体现了高山林地蓄养水源，林下建设居住村寨，沿山坡地开垦梯田，水系自上而下滋养生命、浇灌梯田、而后汇入溪流河水，再蒸发后又回馈养育山林。如此循回往复生生不息。使得这里的自然得以维持常态，人类得以繁衍。

要知道这是在崇山峻岭山体平均坡度达到40°～60°、经济和交通均不够发达的地区。除了这内在的被称作“四素同构”的生态和人文系统，梯田还供给人们一种人与自然的美景。哈尼梯田四季景色各异，在蓄水养田的季节，田野像一叠叠裁制精美的明镜，镶嵌在葱绿的山坡上，映射着天光云影。水稻收获季节，稻子在阳光的装饰下，呈现出五颜六色的斑斓画卷，冬天的雪景，则是一片银装素裹。

林下梯田间的村落散布在各山卯之间，依地势风水而建。原来的村落都是当地的乡土风格，基本是土坯砌墙、木结构屋架、茅草屋顶，屋顶为流水均匀，做成囤顶形状，这些质朴而具有独到风格的民居在近年的村庄改造中已经有相当一部分失去了原有的特色，但仍然有几处村落得以较完好地保存，使我们能够窥一斑而知全豹。如最具代表性的牛倮普村，尚存有10余栋房屋，风格一致，年代较为久远，甚至保留了原住民传统的居住和生活习惯。

除了这些梯田景观，原住民的风俗习惯，他们的节庆婚丧，都带着浓浓的地域特色，都是当地人民留给这个世界的非物质文化遗产。

哈尼梯田文化景观是一处活的文化遗产，是一个自然生态的活的肌体，是当地居民赖以生存的保障，不同于一般的历史文化遗产，它的保护无法借助于一般的程序和技术，而是要由区域内整个生态系统的良性可持续发展来保证，要依靠哈尼梯田的各族人民以自己的生活和信仰传承和维系这些文化景观的鲜活意义。

森林要养护和培育，不得使其枯萎和衰退，要做到这一点，要保证该区域适当的气候和水分以及必要的林地。不得随意砍伐和损毁自然。这一点目前较为容易做到。

村寨要维持其基本的形态和格局，房屋要保持当地特色，但是居住者提高居住水平的权益应该保障。这和房屋的原样保存有一定的矛盾。但是，我们仍然希望原住民能够尽可能地安居乐业，因此应该帮助他们在不改变原房屋风格的基础上改善生活水平。一些为非原住功能的和仿造的所谓哈尼风格不应该被肆意扩散。

哈尼梯田文化景观的生命力和美景蕴藏于持续不断的耕种和收割。现在这一人类活动仍在维持，但我们不能不预测到危机，由于整体社会的经济变革，由于周边旅游等环境的干扰，一种安宁的封闭式的田园生活氛围不会一成不变，如何保证耕种者的积极性，使其与社会的进程相适应，是必然要面对的挑战。这些方面，已经有一些思考和对策，其功效则还要经过实践来检验。

注释：

1）红河哈尼梯田文化景观世界遗产的保护规划由中国建筑设计研究院历史研究所近期完成，申遗文本由中国文化遗产研究院工程与规划所完成。由于本遗产的特殊性，无专项设计之说。

Hani Terrace was formally listed as a world culture scenic heritage site by the World Heritage Organization in 2013. This trace of human civilization originated from the remote areas of the mountains in Southwest China. It was fortunate for the world civilization that it was globally recognized, which is also a pride of the ethnic groups led by Hani nationality.

Hani Terrace is famous for its unique cultural landscape combining natural environment and human wisdom. Forest in high mountains store water resource. Villages are built in woodland, and terraced farmland are established along the hillside. In this manner, water flows downwards to nourish lives, irrigate terraced farmlands, merge into brooks and rivers, and eventually evaporate and feed back to the mountain forests. Such a cycle maintains the normal state of the natural system which supports the reproduction of human beings.

This heritage site is located in an underdeveloped area with poor economy and inconvenient transportation. The average slope of the high mountains is between 40 to 60 degrees. The ecological and cultural systems of the Hani Terrace are named as the Four Element Isomorphism. It offers beautiful and different scenery through four seasons. During the period of retaining water for cultivation, the fields, like delicately tailored mirrors, are inlaid on the verdant hills, reflecting the sky light and cloud shadows. When it comes to the harvest season, rice exhibits a multi-colored picturesque look. In snowy winter, the fields are clad in silvery whiteness.

The villages are dispersed at the foot of the forest among the hills, and are built according to the topography. The original villages are of local styles, with mud brick walls, wood structured and shallowvaulted thatch roof. Most of these simple but unique residential buildings have lost their original characteristics during the village renovation process, with only a few villages fully preserved. For example, Niuluopu Village is one of the most representative historical villages. There are still ten-some historical houses remaining with unified styles that preserve the traditional dwellings and living habits of the indigenous people.

Besides the terrace scenery, the custom and habits of local people, such as ceremonies of festivals, weddings and funerals, are all full of distinct regional features, which are the intangible cultural heritage of this unique region.

Hani Terrace Cultural Landscape is a living cultural heritage. It is a living natural ecological system which supports the lives of local residents. It is different from common historical cultural heritage sites in that its conservation cannot be achieved through normal procedures and technology, but requires the positive and sustainable development of the entire ecosystem of the region. It depends on local ethnic groups at Hani Terrace to inherit and maintain this lively cultural landscape though their lives and beliefs.

The forest needs conserving and cultivating against withering and declining. It is important to assure suitable climate, moisture, and necessary forest land in the region by prohibiting illegal logging and damaging of the natural system which is relatively easy to achieve currently.

To maintain the original configuration of the villages, local features of traditional buildings shall be kept intact. At the same time, the local residents have the rights to request better living conditions which shall be ensured. This, to some extent, contradicts with the preservation of the original appearance of the houses. However, we do hope that the local ethnic groups can live and work in peace and contentment, thus we shall help them improve living conditions without altering the original style of the houses. Some of the non-aboriginal functions and imitated so-called Hani styles shall not be permitted without limitations.

The vitality and beauty of Hani Terrace Cultural Landscape rest in continuous cultivation and harvest which continue until the present day. However, we have to foresee the upcoming crisis. The entire society is experiencing an economic reform, and surrounding environment is disturbed by tourism. The atmosphere of a tranquil enclosed idyllic life cannot stay unchanged. How to ensure the enthusiasm of the farmers and help them adapt to the progressing society is an inevitable challenge. There have been some thoughts and strategies in tackling this situation, but the effect still needs to be examined in practice.

评论

孟建民：向可持续发展过渡

哈尼梯田被录为世界文化景观遗产，关键在于把自然条件和人类智慧相融合。利用高低错位的先天性条件，循环有效地利用资源，克服地理、交通位置不便因素，遵循自然规律去开发，做到了既维持完整的自然常态，又反哺了人类。依地势风水建造的村落，如牛倮普村，利用土、木做材料、结构和造型，完美地反映了当代的乡土风格，特色鲜明。项目传承风俗习惯，用生活和信仰保证梯田生态系统的可持续发展，养护和培育森林耕种与收割等。

但这种村寨特色的绝对保存可能会阻碍当地居民生活水平的提高，安宁封闭的生活状态也会导致当地居民丧失社会生活的积极性。

哈尼梯田既要做到“可持续”，又要追求“发展”，还需要时间来证明。

褚冬竹：作为可能是中国最具特色的一片耕地，位于西南一隅的哈尼梯田成功拥有两个身份：（1）农田；（2）景观。农田养育了哈尼人，生生不息，是根本要务；景观则滋润了四方客，流连忘返，乃精神衍生。民以食为天，农田作为人类“改造自然、为我所用”目标下的最悠久的外部空间“产品”，事实上具有所谓“景观”的所有核心特质。为蓄水耕作便利，山地农田被组织为多个小型水平面层叠关联，与哀牢山的起伏跌宕熨帖绵延，形成了今人所见的“大地景观”。在纯人力条件下，哈尼人轻触自然，以“身体”尺度与大地进行着一次千年不绝的对话，虽细微琐絮，却智慧坚韧。在移山填海均如探囊取物的今日，保护哈尼梯田，其实是守卫着我们与自然最后的那点矜持。

Comments

MENG Jianmin: Transferring toward sustainable development

Hani Terrace is ranked as a World Cultural Landscape Heritage because it reflects the integration between natural conditions and human intelligence. By making use of the natural condition and recycling the accessible resources effectively, the development of the project follows the natural rules and realizes the balance between reserving the natural status and supporting the livelihood of human with succession, after conquering difficulties in geographic location and transportation condition. The villages built up following the landform and fengshui, like Niuluopu Village, exhibit distinctive local characteristics by utilizing local wood and earth as the construction materials in its construction structures and forms. The project inherits local customs and living habits, and guarantees the sustainable development of the terrace ecological system with life and beliefs. In addition, the forest is protected, so are the traditional farming and harvesting methods.

Nevertheless, the unconditional reservation of traditional features might hinder the promotion of local residents' living conditions. And the peaceful but closed life style could lead to the loss of active social interactions for the residents.

We still need time to prove whether Hani Terrace project could be both "sustainable" and "development-oriented".

CHU Dongzhu: As may be China's most unique piece of arable land, Hani Terraces, which are located in the southwestern China, have two distinct identities: first, farmland; second, landscape. Farmland raises the Hani people, which is its fundamental task; while landscape pleases the visitors from all over the country, which is the spiritual derivative. Food is the first necessity of the people. Farmland, as the oldest external spatial "product" under human's goal of "reforming the nature to utilize it", in fact has all the core qualities of so-called "landscape". For the convenience of water storage and farming, the mountain farmland is organized into lots of small horizontal planes that are stacked up and associated with each other, which stretch along with the ups and downs of Ailao Mountain, forming the "earth landscape" that people see today. In a pure human condition, Hani people gently contact with the nature and conduct at the scale of "body" a dialogue with the earth that lasts for thousands of years, which is wise and tenacious although petty and trivial. Today in a context that land reclamation is as easy as picking one's own pocket, conserving Hani Terraces is actually to protect the last piece of modesty that we have toward the nature.

Sustainability of the Honghe Hani Terrace World Heritage Site

HOU Weidong