张瑞华,崔建升,孟素英
(1.河北科技大学环境科学与工程学院,河北石家庄 050018;2.河北省污染防治生物技术实验室,河北石家庄 050018)
荧光光谱法具有速度快,取样量少,选择性好,灵敏度高,重现性好等优点,利用荧光光谱技术进行分析研究在国内外已有大量的报道。例如刘小静等对三维荧光光谱分析技术的发展及其在各领域的应用研究进行了综述与展望[1]。如同生物传感器检测中选择合适的生物识别元件,才能提高传感器的灵敏度和准确性、延长传感器的使用寿命等一样的原理[2],荧光分析法中荧光探针的选择也是非常重要的。迄今为止,关于荧光传感器的文献报道比较多,但荧光探针的选择范围仍相当有限[3]。在已报道的荧光探针分子中,有机染料分子因其强的颜色及荧光特性而备受青睐,常见的有机染料分子如罗丹明类、荧光素、香豆素等。碱性罗丹明类染料用于各类物质的测定已有很长的历史,因具有价格便宜、容易修饰及光谱性质丰富等特点,成为理想的荧光探针生色团,但对其荧光特性的分析及其应用方面的总结还有些欠缺。本文就此对罗丹明6G的荧光特性及其在荧光猝灭法中的应用进行了综述。
罗丹明类化合物是以氧杂蕙为母体的碱性咕吨染料[4],由于苯环间有氧桥相联,分子具有刚性平面结构,容易吸收入射光的能量而发射长波,从而产生荧光[5]。与其他常用的荧光染料相比,罗丹明类荧光染料具有摩尔吸光系数高、光稳定性好、对pH值不敏感、较宽的波长范围及可延伸到可见光区的吸收和较高的量子产率等优点[6],此外其荧光性质可调控、荧光辐射波长在可见光区域荧光检测时背景信号小等优异的光物理和光化学性能,因此被广泛应用在分子生物学、细胞生物学、分子遗传学、药理学、生理学、环境化学、单个分子检测、荧光标记、激光染料、荧光探针、信息科学等方面,是分析化学和生物医药科学等生物技术领域中最常用的荧光染料[7-8]。
随着应用范围越来越广泛,罗丹明类荧光染料的研究发展迅速且受到了更多的重视[9]。这样特殊的结构及相应的荧光特性,使罗丹明类荧光染料成为化学和生物分析领域中研究较为广泛的课题[10]。NOELTING和DZIEWONSKY在1905年首先合成了罗丹明染料[11]。
罗丹明类化合物包括罗丹明6G、罗丹明B、罗丹明G、罗丹明101、异硫氰酸罗丹明、高氯酸罗丹明6G等[3]。其中罗丹明6G(rhodamine 6G,R6G)是一种水溶性阳离子荧光染料,其水溶液在紫外光照射下发出绿黄色荧光,碱性溶液显暗绿色荧光,乙醇溶液呈现红黄色带绿黄色荧光,被广泛用于荧光标记或定量分析[12]。罗丹明6G分子结构式如图1所示。
图1 罗丹明6G的分子结构式Fig.1 Molecular structure of rhodamine 6G
荧光寿命和荧光量子产率是荧光物质的重要发光参数。罗丹明6G的荧光寿命在纳秒级[13],且其荧光寿命随着浓度的增加而减少,例如在2× 10-4mol/L时为3.7 ns,当罗丹明6G的浓度大于10-2mol/L时,荧光寿命迅速降低,主要由于能量转移到双分子罗丹明6G熄灭中心了,熄灭中心的寿命约为(1±0.5)ps[14],流动状态下,罗丹明6G的荧光寿命为(4.2±0.2)ns[15]。荧光量子产率是指荧光物质吸光后所发射的荧光光子数与所吸收的激发光光子数的比值,它是衡量荧光物质荧光量的尺度,通常情况下其数值总是小于1,其数值越大,化合物的荧光越强。荧光量子产率的大小,主要决定于化合物的结构与性质,同时也与化合物所处的环境因素有关。在室温下,KUBIN等研究了在0.5 mol/L的硫酸介质中罗丹明类化合物的荧光量子产率,其中罗丹明6G的结果为0.95,显示了很好的荧光性[16]。WÜRTH等用光学和光声方法测定了罗丹明6G的绝对量子产率,它在乙醇和水溶液中的结果分别为1±0.06和0.92±0.05,这提供了一个基本的荧光量子产率标准[17]。
罗丹明6G是广泛应用于光学、光谱学和激光科学的有机染料[18]。1980年,徐其亨对此类染料的结构及其性能进行了综合研究和归纳,认为罗丹明类染料中苯环间有“氧桥”相联,具有刚性平面结构,容易吸收入射光的能量而发射长波,从而产生荧光。另外它本身具有醌式结构,能产生颜色,被氧化时其醌式结构遭破坏,染料溶液颜色变浅甚至变为无色,为荧光分析和光度分析奠定了理论基础[8]。陈尚贤等从改变溶剂性质,了解R6G是离子型化合物。在有机溶剂中,分子和离子形式可同时存在,且其荧光来源于它的离子态[19]。ZEHENTBAUER等也研究了8种不同浓度的有 机 溶 剂 (methanol,ethanol,n-propanol,iso-propanol,n-butanol,n-pentanol,acetone,and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO))对罗丹明6G荧光光谱的影响效应[20];张建华等研究了罗丹明类碱性染料溶液的表面张力、吸收光谱和荧光变化,发现罗丹明类碱性染料是一种阳离子表面活性剂。罗丹明6G溶液的浓度约为4.48×10-3mol/L时,开始出现胶束,临界胶束浓度(CMC)值为2.09×10-3mol/L,R6G溶液的浓度小于1.05×10-5mol/L,溶液的荧光最强[21]。到20世纪80年代后期,又有人对罗丹明类染料的聚集状态进行了研究,但由于数学模型太简便,因此所测定的缔合物和缔合度都不准确。在此基础上,何锡文等确立了新的数学模型,确定了罗丹明6G的水溶液主要是单体和二聚体共存后,又以罗丹明6G为例,研究了用荧光法估计荧光试剂在溶液状态的缔合程度,探讨了以解聚的方式来提高荧光强度的途径,最后推论:罗丹明6G的单体是产生荧光的主要原因,而双聚和质子化是荧光猝灭的主要影响因素[22]。
在痕量分析中,荧光分析法因其灵敏度一般高于分光光度法,具有检测灵敏度高、选择性较好、成本低、易操作、方便快捷等优点而日益受到人们的重视。在荧光分析中,可以采用不同的试验方法来对物质浓度进行测量。其中最简单的是直接测定,只要分析物质本身发荧光,便可以通过测定其荧光强度以知其浓度。对于有些物质,它们本身不发荧光或者因荧光量子产率很低而无法进行直接测定,便只能采用间接测定的方法。荧光猝灭法便是其中的一种,依据荧光猝灭的程度与分析物质浓度之间的定量关系,通过测定荧光化合物荧光强度下降的程度,便可间接地分析该物质。一般来说,荧光猝灭法比直接荧光测定法更为灵敏,具有更高的选择性。
自20世纪80年代初,开始研究和利用罗丹明6G的荧光猝灭以来,有的是基于该物质的吸收光谱可以和罗丹明6G的发射光谱有效重叠,从而发生荧光共振能量转移使荧光猝灭;有的是基于和罗丹明6G染料生成无荧光的缔合物(或络合物),使荧光猝灭;有的是基于该类染料的氧化还原性,通过氧化还原破坏其刚性结构,使荧光猝灭;对于金属离子的测定,是利用待测金属离子与R6G试剂反应生成配合物或离子缔合物,在有机溶剂中发出的荧光或试剂本身产生的荧光而进行测定;罗丹明6G还被用于作为检测碘化物的光纤传感器的荧光探针,也是基于碘离子能使罗丹明6G荧光猝灭的原理而建设起来的[23]。它在分析化学上广泛应用于检测金属离子、阳离子、阴离子和蛋白质等,是一种灵敏度颇高的实用有机分析试剂。
荧光共振能量转移(FRET)荧光猝灭法是近年来发展的高灵敏度测定痕量组分的新方法,该方法自20世纪40年代末提出以来在化学、生物以及其他领域获得了广泛的应用。FORSTER能量转移理论认为,当能量给予体分子和接受体分子两者的基态与第一激发态的振动能级间能级差相当,或者能量给予体分子的发射光谱与能量接受体分子的吸收光谱能有效重叠,可以发生从能量给予体分子到能量接受体分子的非辐射能量转移[24-25]。
作为一种重要的光物理技术,荧光共振能量转移与常规荧光法和共振光散射相比,具有灵敏度高、适用范围广、受环境因素(如瑞利散射光)干扰少,重现性好等特点。下面将罗丹明6G在能量转移荧光猝灭法中的部分应用列表,如表1所示。
近年来以碱性染料-杂多酸离子缔合物为基础测定磷、砷、硅,有了迅速发展。王筱敏等利用在酸性介质中磷钼酸盐与罗丹明6G形成络合物,使罗丹明6G荧光猝灭,来测定磷,测定范围在0~10×10-9,相对标准偏差为9%,回收率为96% ~102%[39];高甲友等研究了在聚乙烯醇(PVA)存在下,砷钼杂多酸与碱性染料罗丹明6G生成离子缔合物,使罗丹明6G荧光猝灭测定砷,其质量浓度在2~60 ng/mL范围内与荧光猝灭值成线性关系[40],王燕也利用此方法进行了测定,在最大激发波长λmax=580 nm处,砷质量浓度在0~0.16 μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律[41];除此之外宋功武等在这方面做了大量的工作:研究了磷钼杂多酸测定磷[42];硅钼杂多酸测定硅[43]、磷、硅钼杂多酸测定磷和硅[44];硅、砷钼杂多酸同时测定硅和砷[45];还有磷,砷、硅钼杂多酸体系不需要其他分离手段,用此法可对钢合金中的磷、砷、硅进行同时测定[46],测定结果满意。此外,宋功武等、滕恩江等高甲友等还在研究杂多酸离子缔合物荧光猝灭反应的基础上,引入流动注射,提高了分析速度,测定了磷[47-50]、硅[51]、砷[52],以及同时测定了磷和硅[53]、磷和砷[54]、砷和硅[55]、磷、砷和硅[56],取得了良好的效果。
一般在表面活性剂存在的酸性条件下,有些物质可以使碘化钾中的 I-生成 I3-阴离子,I3-又与R6G形成稳定的多元离子缔合物,从而使罗丹明6G荧光猝灭。随着物质浓度的增加,生成的I3-阴离子浓度也增加,(R6G-I3)n缔合微粒浓度也相应增加,体系的荧光猝灭值增加。这是由于R6G+阳离子可与I-阴离子通过离子键形成疏水性的R6G-I3离子缔合物,并聚集成(R6G-I3)n缔合微粒,使得R6G荧光分子被包裹在缔合微粒体内而不能与激发光分子作用,导致体系中可以产生荧光的R6G分子数减少,故体系的荧光降低[57-58]。荧光猝灭值在一定范围内与物质浓度呈线性关系,由此建立了一种罗丹明6G荧光猝灭法分析物质的新方法。具体的应用见表2。
表1 罗丹明6G在能量转移荧光猝灭法中的应用Tab.1 Rhodamine 6G in energy transfer fluorescence quenching method application
续表1
续表2
罗丹明6G优越的荧光特性,使得罗丹明6G荧光猝灭法还可用于很多方面,方法灵敏度高,其选择性在表面活性剂的存在下也有很大的提高,此外因其形成的络合物较差的水溶性,同时用于络合的配体经常也会同其他离子有一定的络合能力,使其选择性降低。综上所述,如何更深入地研究表面活性剂的作用机理,寻求更加适用的反应体系,设计合成具有更好选择性、较高灵敏度、抗干扰能力强,并可以在环境和生物体内广泛应用的荧光探针还需要我们进一步的探索和研究。同时还应加强罗丹明6G荧光猝灭机理的探讨,使罗丹明6G的应用更加完整、系统,形成一套具有理论指导的分析方法。相信随着科学工作的深入,罗丹明6G在荧光猝灭法中的应用会得到更好的发展和深入。
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