邓润钧 综述 田字彬 审校
青岛大学附属医院消化科(266003)
核连蛋白2(nucleobindin 2, NUCB2)受NEFA基因编码,由包含24个氨基酸的多肽和396个氨基酸的蛋白组成,其氨基酸序列在人、小鼠、大鼠等不同种属间高度同源。NUCB2可经激素原转化酶剪切为nesfatin-1、nesfatin-2、nesfatin-3三个片段。Oh-I等[1]的研究发现,脑室内注射nesfatin-1可抑制摄食,且效应呈剂量依赖性,而nesfatin-2和nesfatin-3均无此作用,由此提示nesfatin-1是NUCB2发挥摄食抑制作用的主要成分,其属于厌食调节肽的一种。本文就nesfatin-1的研究进展作一综述。
Nesfatin-1可表达于人、猪、鱼、鼠、犬齿类等多种生物种群[2-4],在中枢系统主要分布于下丘脑室旁核(PVN)、视上核、弓状核、孤束核以及外侧区(LHA)等部位[5],在外周系统可分布于食管、胃肠、脂肪组织、胰腺、睾丸、心脏等部位[6-7]。Nesfatin-1能以非饱和方式通过血脑屏障,在血清和脑脊液间的相互传输可影响其在中枢和外周的分布[8]。
1. Nesfatin-1在中枢的作用及其机制:Oh-I 等[1]对雌性Wistar大鼠脑室内注射nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA,6 h内大鼠摄食量减少,呈剂量依赖性,而后给予nesfatin-1抗体Ab24,大鼠摄食量明显回升。Stengel等[9]进一步对nesfatin-1的82个氨基酸片段进行分割研究,发现脑室内注射nesfatin-130-59(M30)会降低小鼠夜间摄食量,而nesfatin-11-29(N23)、nesfatin-160-82(C29)无此作用,证实M30为nesfatin-1的活性片段。Shimizu等[10]对瘦素(leptin)受体突变的小鼠研究显示,α-促黑素细胞激素(α-MSH)受体(MC4-R)阻断剂可阻断nesfatin-1对大鼠摄食的抑制效应,而脑室内注射α-MSH可引起室旁核NUCB2 mRNA表达增加。Ishida等[11]的研究发现,M30与刺鼠基因相关蛋白(AgRP)活化片段相似,而AgRP可阻遏α-MSH作用。上述研究证实nesfatin-1对食欲的影响可能由MSH系统介导所致。此外,Foo等[5]的研究显示,nesfatin-1可通过抑制弓状核神经肽Y(NPY)的活性,从而抑制摄食行为。Gil等[12]的研究发现,行迷走神经刺激术(VNS)后,大鼠摄食量和体质指数(BMI)下降,外周血清中nesfatin-1表达增加,然而迷走神经是否参与nesfatin-1的摄食调节作用仍需进一步研究。Gantulga等[13]的研究显示,葡萄糖和胰岛素可类似于食物刺激,通过增加PVN神经元中的Ca2+浓度激活nesfatin-1。Chen等[14]的研究发现,在PVN和LHA区注射nesfatin-1后,葡萄糖抑制性神经元数量增多,后者为葡萄糖感受器,可通过改变神经元自身发放频率调节摄食行为。
生物体温和进食行为存在昼夜节律性,两者共同调节机体能量平衡。Nesfatin-1与多种体温调节激素在下丘脑核团中共同表达,如PVN区催产素、促甲状腺素释放激素、促肾上腺素释放激素、弓状核区可卡因-苯丙胺调节转录肽(CART)、弓状核区阿黑皮素原(POMC)、孤束核区催乳素、结节-垂体DA通路(THDA)区MSH等,提示nesfatin-1可能在体温调控方面发挥一定作用。Könczöl等的[15]研究显示,大鼠侧脑室注射nesfatin-1后,48 h内体温持续高于生理温度,且昼夜波动较小,同时发现寒冷条件下nesfatin-1表达增加。目前,关于nesfatin-1调节体温的机制尚未明确,有研究[16]显示nesfatin-1可提高交感神经兴奋性,然而可否解释其体温调节的作用仍有待研究。
Nesfatin-1除了对食欲、体温的影响外,亦参与多种生理病理活动的调节。Yosten等[17]的研究显示,对药物性(血管紧张素Ⅱ)和生理性(禁水)饥渴的大鼠给予脑室注射nesfatin-1,恢复饮水后,大鼠饮水量低于正常对照组,且药物性饥渴的大鼠恢复饮水后,PVN区nesfatin-1表达减少,提示nesfatin-1参与水电解质平衡调节。Nesfatin-1分布于PVN区和穹窿下器,两者是AT1受体介导血管紧张素作用的部位,亦是影响水电解质平衡的重要区域。此外,Yosten等[16]的研究发现,nesfatin-1参与机体心血管反应,大鼠给予脑室内注射nesfatin-1后,平均动脉压升高,心率加快,其作用机制与nesfatin-1刺激孤束内侧亚核(mNTS)的神经细胞去极化/超极化或增强交感神经兴奋性等因素有关。研究[18-19]发现,nesfatin-1参与了焦虑、恐惧等精神心理活动,压力应激会导致大鼠中枢nesfatin-1表达增加,而脑室内注射nesfatin-1会引起大鼠焦虑和恐惧反射行为。Bloem等[20]的研究显示,抑郁症自杀身亡的人群中,男性患者中枢nesfatin-1表达水平较正常人群升高,但女性患者表达水平较正常人群减少,引起此差异的机制尚不明确。Okere等[21]的研究显示,在啮齿类动物中,CART、Ucn1以及nesfatin-1共同集中投射于中脑埃丁格-韦斯特法尔核(EWcp),后者在压力调适和情绪反应中发挥重要作用,与精神疾病的发生有明显关联。Könczöl等[22]的研究认为,表达nesfatin-1的髓质儿茶酚胺类细胞能够调节传递至PVN的内脏压力感觉,并通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺素轴调节情绪活动。
2. Nesfatin-1在外周的表达和作用:Nesfatin-1在外周主要分布于食管、肝、胃、胰腺、十二指肠、小肠、结肠、脂肪组织等。Osaki等[23]的研究发现,下丘脑性肥胖大鼠皮下和内脏脂肪组织中nesfatin-1表达增加。Stengel等[24]的研究显示,高BMI人群中胃、脂肪组织的nesfatin-1表达增加。Ogiso等[25]的研究发现,神经性厌食症患者血浆nesfatin-1表达减少。Abaci等[26]和Boutsikou等[27]的研究表明,肥胖儿童血浆和过期妊娠孕妇脐带血nesfatin-1表达减少。上述研究提示nesfatin-1在外周表达的特点或可用于疾病诊断。
Nesfatin-1与胰岛素抵抗和糖耐量的关系是目前的研究热点。Yang等[28]的研究显示,对营养性肥胖大鼠第三脑室内注射nesfatin-1可提高肝脏对胰岛素的敏感性,并使肝糖原合成减少,肌糖原合成增加。Belgardt等[29]的研究发现,对肥胖或消瘦大鼠脑室内注射nesfatin-1可引起胰岛素受体(INSR)磷酸化和INSR底物表达增加,从而诱导INSR活化,INSR可与胰岛素结合,增加葡萄糖吸收和糖原合成,降低血糖。Gonzalez等[30]的研究显示,糖尿病小鼠胰岛在离体环境中nesfatin-1表达存在差异,Ⅰ型糖尿病nesfatin-1表达减少,Ⅱ型糖尿病nesfatin-1表达增加。Zhang等[31]的研究表明,Ⅱ型糖尿病和糖耐量受损者的血浆nesfatin-1水平较正常人群升高。然而,Li 等[32]通过监测糖尿病患者空腹口服葡萄糖后血浆nesfatin-1水平发现,Ⅱ型糖尿病患者nesfatin-1水平较健康人群和Ⅰ型糖尿病患者显著降低。由此可见, nesfatin-1在不同类型糖尿病和代谢异常性疾病中的表达存在争论,其相关作用需行深入研究探讨。
Nesfatin-1是一种厌食调节肽,随着对nesfatin-1的深入研究,发现其作用不仅局限于对摄食的影响,在能量代谢、内分泌、精神等方面亦具有一定调节作用,探索其在疾病发生发展过程中的作用,研究其在中枢、外周的表达特点,或可用于临床疾病诊断。此外,nesfatin-1在中枢、外周的相互作用及其机制尚需进一步研究,从而为nesfatin-1的临床应用提供理论基础。
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