王 燕 姜艳蕊 孙莞绮 宋沅瑾 董叔梅 殷 勇 陈 洁 江 帆
·论著·
儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与血压相关性研究
王 燕1,2姜艳蕊2孙莞绮2宋沅瑾2董叔梅2殷 勇1陈 洁1江 帆1,2
目的 探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与血压的相关性。方法 纳入2012年7月至2013年7月以睡眠打鼾为主诉于上海儿童医学中心睡眠障碍诊治中心就诊的3~18岁儿童青少年,行整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)监测并测量睡前收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)。根据PSG监测结果分为非OSAHS组和OSAHS组,OSAHS组根据呼吸暂停低通气指数和最低血氧饱和度分为OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组。依据2010年中国儿童青少年血压参照标准诊断高血压。计算收缩压指数(SBPI)和舒张压指数(DBPI)。分析不同程度的OSAHS与血压的相关性。 结果 385例研究对象进入分析,平均年龄(5.5±2.3)岁,男262例,女123例。SBP (100.6 ±10.4) mmHg,DBP (63.2±8.5) mmHg,符合高血压诊断122例(31.7%),其中严重高血压42例(10.9%)。非OSAHS组261例(67.8%);OSAHS组124例,其中轻、中和重度亚组分别有54、43和27例。BMI、BMI-Z评分、颈围、超重及肥胖患病率指标OSAHS组显著高于非OSAHS组。①OSAHS组SBP显著高于非OSAHS组,但调整年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后SBP的组间差异无统计学意义。OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组SBP和DBP差异有统计学意义 (SBP:F=3.46,P=0.034;DBP:F=4.27,P=0.016),在调整了年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后SBP和DBP的组间差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②非OSAHS组和OSAHS组SBPI和DBPI差异无统计学意义;OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组SBPI和DBPI差异有统计学意义(SBPI:F=2.54,P=0.046; DBPI:F=3.25,P=0.042)。③OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组高血压检出率差异有统计学意义,调整了年龄、性别以及BMI-Z评分后,OSAHS重度亚组严重高血压的风险显著高于轻度亚组,OR=5.79 (95%CI: 1.45~23.11)。 结论 鼾症患儿高血压检出率显著高于正常人群,其中重度OSAHS患儿高血压及严重高血压的发生风险最高,提示应密切监测睡眠相关呼吸障碍患儿的血压。
睡眠呼吸障碍; 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征; 高血压; 多导睡眠监测; 儿童
儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS) 为睡眠过程中频繁发生的部分或全部上气道阻塞,扰乱儿童正常通气和睡眠结构而引起一系列病理生理变化的临床综合征[1],是严重影响儿童身心健康的临床常见睡眠呼吸障碍类型之一。目前已有许多成人的前瞻性队列研究表明,OSAHS是引起高血压的重要独立危险因素[2~4]。近期的1项纳入1 889例为期12.2年的前瞻性队列研究同样证实OSAHS独立于年龄、肥胖程度等因素,与高血压累积患病率存在明显的量效关系[4]。儿童OSAHS与高血压关系的研究较少,且结论不统一。近期的2项美国研究均认为OSAHS是引起儿童血压升高的独立危险因素[5,6],与2007年的1项Meta分析结论相反[7]。国内首篇儿童OSAHS与高血压关系的研究发表于2008年,之后有2篇文献报道,且OSAHS诊断标准不一[8~10],儿童OSAHS与血压的相关性值得进一步研究。
1.1 研究设计 上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心(我院)以睡眠打鼾就诊的连续病例,行多导睡眠图(PSG)监测、体格指标和血压测量,采用单因素和多因素分析不同程度的OSAHS与血压的相关性。
1.2 知情同意和伦理 本研究通过我院伦理委员会审查(SCMC IRB-k2013008), 并获得患儿家长的知情同意。
1.3 纳入标准 ①以睡眠打鼾为主诉至我院儿童睡眠障碍诊治中心就诊的、并行PSG监测和血压测量者;②年龄3~18岁。
1.4 排除标准 ①排除中枢性呼吸暂停或低通气综合征患儿;②经详细的病史了解及临床检查排除与其他疾病[包括唐氏综合征、颌面异常、神经肌肉疾病 (包括脑性瘫痪)、慢性肺病、镰状红细胞病、代谢性疾病和喉软化等]相关的OSAHS;③排除原发性高血压,肾脏、心脏疾病及其他可能引起血压异常疾病;④排除服用可能影响血压的药物者。
1.5 PSG监测方法 采用澳大利亚Compumedics公司生产的PSG监测仪。测试前嘱患儿保持1周以上的规律作息时间,1周内患有上呼吸道感染、过敏等影响鼻通气的疾病者待疾病恢复后再安排PSG监测。监测当日不饮用咖啡、茶类饮料及镇静催眠剂或兴奋剂。行整夜至少连续7 h的夜间睡眠监测,记录内容包括脑电(6导,分别为两导额部、中央部、枕部导联)、眼动、肌电、心电、鼻气流(使用压力传感器)、胸腹呼吸运动(使用压电式胸腹带传感器)、腿动和经皮血氧饱和度等指标。监测结果电脑记录储存,我院睡眠中心人员经回放人工识别,辅以电脑自动归纳整理。
1.6 血压的测量 血压的测量采用电子血压计(日本TERVMO ELEMANO)。测量方法[11]:PSG监测前,平静休息10 min, 然后测量坐位右臂与心脏同一水平位血压。测量2次,间隔2~3 min,取平均值;若2次测量相差>5 mmHg,测量第3次,数值相近的2次取平均值。
1.7 体格指标测定 体重和身高测量方法参照文献[12],体重测量时着贴身衣物、赤脚,身高测量时脱鞋,直立位;颈围测量颈部最细的部位,被测者身体直立,平视,两臂自然下垂,口微张,皮尺水平置于颈后第7颈椎上缘及颈前喉结下方。计算BMI,并对BMI进行Z值转换,Z=[(BMI测量值/M)L]/(L·S)。其中的L、M和S值来自中国0~18岁儿童BMI百分位数值表[13]。
1.8 诊断标准 OSAHS诊断参照中国2007年“儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊疗指南草案”[14],阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停:睡眠中口和鼻气流停止,但胸、腹式呼吸仍存在;低通气:口鼻气流信号峰值降低50%,伴有3%以上血氧饱和度下降和(或)觉醒。呼吸事件的时间长度:≥2个呼吸周期。呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI):每小时内呼吸暂停和低通气次数之和。每小时呼吸暂停指数>1或AHI>5及最低动脉血氧饱和度(LSaO2)<92%诊断为OSAHS。
本研究高血压诊断依据文献[15]中国儿童青少年血压参照标准:收缩压(SBP)和(或)舒张压(DBP)为同年龄、同性别儿童血压95%~99%为高血压,≥99%为严重高血压。同时计算血压指数(BPI),根据不同年龄、性别计算每例对象的SBP指数(SBPI)和DBP指数(DBPI),计算公式:BPI= (BP观察值-P95BP值) /P95BP值×100[16]。
超重和肥胖依据中国2~18岁儿童肥胖、超重筛查BMI界值标准来界定[17],BMI>相应年龄、性别P85为超重,>P95为肥胖。
1.9 分组 依据OSAHS诊断标准,分为非OSAHS组和OSAHS组,OSAHS组根据AHI和LSaO2水平[14]分为OSAHS轻度亚组(AHI 5~10、LSaO20.85~0.91 ),中度亚组(AHI ~20、LSaO20.75~0.84),重度亚组(AHI>20、LSaO2<0.75)。
2.1 一般情况 2012年7月至2013年7月385例鼾症患儿进入分析(图1),平均年龄(5.5±2.3)岁,男262例(68.1%),女123例,AHI为(6.5±11.6),SBP和DBP分别为 (100.6±10.4) 和(63.2±8.5) mmHg,符合高血压诊断122例(31.7%),严重高血压42例(10.9%)。非OSAHS组261例,高血压82例,严重高血压27例;OSAHS组124例,其中轻、中和重度亚组分别为54、43和27例,高血压40例,严重高血压15例。
图1 研究对象纳入和排除流程图
Fig 1 Flow chart of including and excluding procedure
单因素分析显示,OSAHS组与非OSAHS组间年龄、性别构成比差异无统计学意义,身高、BMI、BMI-Z评分、颈围、超重及肥胖患病率差异均有统计学意义(表1)。进一步调整年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后两组间颈围差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。调整年龄和性别后超重及肥胖患病率OSAHS组与非OSAHS组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
Notes NC: neck circumference.1) compared between OSAHS and non-OSAHS groups
2.2 BP和BPI比较 图2显示,非OSAHS组平均SBP为(99.9±10.1) mmHg,DBP为(62.9±8.8) mmHg;OSAHS组平均SBP为(102.2±10.6) mmHg,DBP为(63.7±8.0) mmHg。单因素分析两组间仅SBP差异有统计学意义,线性回归调整年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后SBP的组间差异无统计学意义。非OSAHS组平均SBPI为(-8.1±8.6), DBPI为(-12.1±12.1);OSAHS组SBPI为(-6.9±9.6),DBPI为(-11.9±10.9);两组间SBPI和DBPI差异均无统计学意义。
图2显示,非OSAHS组与OSAHS组3个亚组间的比较显示,SBP和DBP差异有统计学意义(SBP:F=3.68,P=0.012;DBP:F=2.69,P=0.046),组间两两比较显示OSAHS重度亚组SBP和DBP显著高于非OSAHS组和OSAHS轻度亚组(图2),但调整了年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后4个亚组间的血压值差异无统计学意义。
图2显示,OSAHS亚组间的SBP和DBP差异均有统计学意义(SBP:F=3.46,P=0.034;DBP:F=4.27,P=0.016),在调整了年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.05),亚组间两两比较显示OSAHS重度亚组的SBP、DBP显著高于轻度亚组,而OSAHS中度和轻度亚组SBP、DBP差异无统计学意义。
图2显示,SBPI和DBPI在OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组间差异有统计学意义(SBPI:F=2.54,P=0.046;DBP:F=3.25,P=0.042),亚组间两两比较显示OSAHS重度亚组的SBPI及DBPI显著高于轻度亚组,OSAHS亚组和轻度亚组间SBPI和DBPI差异无统计学意义。
图2 组间血压和血压指数比较
Fig 2 Comparsion of blood pressure and blood pressure index among different groups
Notes SBP: systolic blood pressure; SBPI: systolic blood pressure index;DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DBPI: diastolic blood pressure index; 1)vssevere OSAHS subgroup,P<0.05; 2)vsnon OSAHS group,P<0.05
2.3 不同程度OSAHS与高血压检出率的相关性 OSAHS组与非OSAHS组高血压检出率分别为32.2%(40/124)和31.3%(82/262),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.09,P=0.760)。OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组高血压检出率分别为22.2%(12/54)、37.2%(16/43)和44.4%(12/27),在调整了年龄、性别及BMI-Z评分后,3个亚组间高血压检出率差异有统计学意义(P=0.045), 高血压检出率OSAHS重度亚组高于轻度亚组(OR=2.87,95%CI: 1.03~7.99),OSAHS中度与轻度亚组差异无统计学意义(OR=2.29,95%CI: 0.91~5.76)。
OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组严重高血压检出率分别为7.4%(4/54)、7.0%(3/43)和29.6%(8/27);在调整了年龄、性别及BMI-Z评分后,3个亚组间严重高血压检出率差异有统计学意义(P=0.012),严重高血压检出率OSAHS重度亚组高于轻度亚组(OR=5.79,95%CI: 1.45~23.11),OSAHS中度与轻度亚组差异无统计学意义(OR=1.01,95%CI: 0.21~4.95)。
国内外报道儿童OSAHS患病率为1.2%~5.7%[18~20],近年来有研究报道认为OSAHS得不到有效控制会对儿童的身心发育产生重要不良影响[21]。本研究通过对我院儿童睡眠障碍诊治中心为期1年的病例收集分析发现,在以鼾症为主诉就诊的患儿中,无论其是否最终确诊为OSAHS,其高血压检出率(非OSAHS组31.3%,OSAHS组32.2%)均远高于以同样标准在中国普通儿童人群中所调查的高血压患病率(3%~20%)[22~24〗[25]。同时,本研究进一步对确诊OSAHS儿童及其不同严重程度对血压的影响进行分析,发现重度OSAHS患儿SBP和DBP均高于轻度OSAHS患儿,而且重度OSAHS患儿高血压和严重高血压检出率均明显高于轻度OSAHS患儿。
国内外研究普遍认为成人OSAHS与高血压之间存在重要相关性[2~4],而这种相关性在儿童青少年中也得到了部分研究的证实。2008年,美国有研究[5]在幼儿园和小学随机抽取700名5~12岁儿童,通过整夜PSG监测和睡前血压测量,发现AHI与SBP间有显著相关性。另1项美国调查[11]随机抽取239名6~11岁小学生,通过睡前血压测量和家用便携式PSG数据采集,发现阻塞性睡眠呼吸障碍与高血压患病率密切相关。中国香港的一项调查随机抽取306名6~13岁学龄儿童[9],行整夜PSG和24 h动态血压(ABP)监测,发现AHI>5的儿童清醒期、睡眠期SBP和DBP均显著高于AHI≤5的患儿,组间的睡眠期高血压检出率差异亦有统计学意义。日本1项研究[26]对23名3~12岁初诊疑似睡眠呼吸障碍的儿童行整夜PSG及ABP监测,结果显示AHI>10的患儿清醒期和快速眼动睡眠(REM)期血压值明显高于AHI≤10的患儿。国内有研究对145例5~14岁鼾症患儿的研究显示,OSAHS患儿的夜间血压值高于单纯鼾症患儿,而且夜间血压下降值减低,但清醒期血压和高血压检出率差异无统计学意义[8]。但也有部分研究认为睡眠呼吸障碍与儿童的血压水平无相关性。美国1项研究对60例5~17岁疑似睡眠呼吸障碍患儿行整夜PSG及ABP监测[15],显示AHI>5的患儿清醒期DBP明显低于AHI<1和AHI 1~5的患儿,而SBP及睡眠期血压与AHI无相关性。有Meta分析显示[7],儿童OSAHS与血压之间无显著相关性,但纳入文献的调查方法及诊断标准不统一。
本研究未发现OSAHS组与非OSAHS组间的高血压检出率存在统计学差异,与文献[5,9]报道结果的不一致,考虑与上述文献的高血压检出率来源于OSAHS患儿与正常人群之间的比较有关。但本研究在不同严重程度OSAHS亚组之间,发现其高血压以及严重高血压的检出率显著不同,与多数文献结果得出一致的趋势[11,26,27],其中文献[27]与本研究受试对象均为鼾症患儿。已有相关研究发现不符合OSAHS诊断的单纯鼾症患儿其心血管功能可能已经受到影响[28],因此即使没有诊断为OSAHS,其血压水平也可能在一定程度上受到影响,应引起临床医生高度重视。
本研究在血压的测量上采用了电子血压计,就电子血压计在高血压的判定标准方面,目前已有研究对中国香港[15]和上海[29]的儿童进行了不同性别、年龄血压水平的百分位曲线构建。香港儿童年龄跨度为6~18岁,上海为2~6岁;其中香港地区研究的样本量较大,且同时考虑了儿童的身高和体重状况对血压的影响。但此两项研究均无法涵盖本研究样本年龄跨度(3~18岁)。以水银血压计的血压值评判标准来评估电子血压计的测量结果,需要明确两种测量方法之间的相关性。有成人研究[30]认为水银血压计与电子血压计在血压测量结果上一致性较好,差异无统计学意义,在儿童中的探索研究或是在儿童中建立完备的电子血压计评定标准,是今后在完善儿童血压评定中的重要课题。
另外,本研究显示OSAHS组BMI-Z评分及超重肥胖患病率显著高于非OSAHS组, OSAHS的发病原因是多方面的,而肥胖是其中一项重要高危因素,已在广泛的成人研究中得以证实,儿童肥胖度增加,患有高血压的危险同时也增加[31]。提示,儿童的肥胖程度、OSAHS、高血压之间存在密切的相关性。本研究在调整了BMI-Z评分后,OSAHS严重程度与高血压依然存在显著相关性,提示两者间的关联独立于肥胖因素而存在。同时本研究还发现OSAHS组和非OSAHS组的颈围差异有统计学意义,AHI与颈围存在显著的正相关。既往已有成人研究表明颈围与AHI有显著相关性,对OSAHS严重程度有预测作用[32,33];本研究结果提示在儿童青少年时期也可观察到这种相关性。一般认为成人OSAHS患者主要是由于咽部和气道周围脂肪导致了上气道的狭窄和形态改变,同时脂肪沉积增加上气道的顺应性而使气道容易塌陷,但在儿童中是否也存在这一情况,值得进一步研究。
本研究的不足之处,①采用ABP较普通的血压测量更全面,可有效的避免“白大衣高血压”,对高血压的诊断意义可能更大;但此项技术在大样本的人群调查中存在一定难度。②PSG监测的儿童可能存在首夜效应,受睡眠环境改变和检查仪器的影响,睡眠结构与日常情况可能会有所不同,在一定程度上影响监测结果。
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(本文编辑:张崇凡)
复旦大学附属儿科医院如新中华儿童心脏病基金专科培训项目招生通知
为了提高中国儿童心脏病特别是先天性心脏病诊治水平,复旦大学附属儿科医院与上海慈善基会、如新(中国)日用保健品有限公司合作,于2008年在上海成立“如新中华儿童心脏病基金会”,已帮助了数千名困难家庭的先天性心脏病患儿。在此基础上设立“如新中华儿童心脏病基金专科培训项目”,将向全国开放以培养更专业的儿童心脏病学科人才。计划每年招收10名学员,并提供专项奖学金(含进修费、住宿费和生活津贴等)。培训项目涉及心内科、心外科、心导管、心超、心电图、心脏监护、麻醉和护理等专科。培训时间为6个月或12个月,将根据报名先后顺序滚动录取。
有意参加培训者请与复旦大学附属儿科医院社会发展部(上海市闵行区万源路399号,邮编201102)联系。联系人:罗伟奋,刘玉媚;电子邮箱ekyy2012@163.com,联系电话:021-64931850,传真:021-64931932。
Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome and blood pressure in children
WANG Yan1,2, JIANG Yan-rui2, SUN Wan-qi2, SONG Yan-jin2, DONG Shu-mei2, YIN Yong1, CHEN Jie1, JIANG Fan1,2
(1 Pediatric Sleep Center, Shanghai Children's Medical Center affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 2 Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ministry of Education Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai 200127, China )
JIANG Fan,E-mail:fanjiang@shsmu.edu.cn
ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and blood pressure in children.MethodsOvernight polysomnography(PSG) was conducted in the Pediatric Sleep Center of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine affiliated to Shanghai Children's Medical Center for children aged 3-18 years, who were recruited in outpatient clinic from July 2012 to July 2013 with complaint of sleep snoring. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured for everyone before sleep in the evening. All children were divided into non-OSAHS group and OSAHS group according to PSG result, and then OSAHS group was divided into mild, moderate and severe subgroups according to apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2). The diagnosis of hypertension was made according to blood pressure reference standards for Chinese children and adolescents 2010. Systolic blood pressure index (SBPI) and diastolic blood pressure index (DBPI) were calculated. Then further analysis was was performed to evaluate the relationship between severities of OSHAS and blood pressure levels. ResultsA total of 385 children were enrolled in our study, with average age (5.5±2.3) years, 262 boys, SBP (100.6±10.4) mmHg and DBP (63.2±8.5) mmHg. 122 (31.7%) children met the criteria of hypertension and 42(10.9%) were severe hypertension. 261(67.8%) children were in non-OSAHS group, 124(32.2%) were in OSAHS group. In the OSAHS group, 54, 43 and 27 children were classified into mild, moderate and severe subgroups respectively. Compared with non-OSAHS group, the OSAHS group had higher BMI,BMI-Zscores, neck circumference, prevalence of overweight and obesity. ①SBP of OSAHS group was higher than non-OSAHS group, but it lost significance after adjustment of age, sex and BMI-Z. Both of the SBP and DBP statistically varied among different OSAHS severity groups (SBP:F=3.46,P=0.034; DBP:F=4.27,P=0.016), even adjusted by age, sex and BMI-Zscores. ② SBPI and DBPI did not significantly differ between OSAHS and non-OSAHS groups. In the OSAHS group, SBPI and DBPI significantly varied among different severity subgroups (SBPI:F=2.54,P=0.046; DBP:F=3.25,P=0.042). ③The hypertension prevalence was significantly different among 3 OSAHS subgroups. Severe OSAHS children had higher risk of hypertension compared with mild OSAHS children, OR=2.87(95%CI: 1.03~7.99), for severe hypertension, the OR increased to 5.79, (95%CI: 1.45-23.11). ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension is higher in children with sleep snoring than the general population, especially in the children with severe OSAHS. More attention should be paid to monitoring blood pressure for the children with sleep disordered breathing.
Sleep related breathing disorders; Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; Hypertension; Polysomnography; Children
国家自然科学基金:81172685;科技部973培育项目:2010CB535000;上海市启明星计划:13QH1401800;上海市教委曙光计划:11SG19
1 上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心睡眠障碍诊治中心 上海,200127;2 上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心发育行为儿科,教育部和上海市环境与儿童健康重点实验室 上海,201127
江帆,E-mail:fanjiang@shsmu.edu.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2014.03.001
2014-04-12
2014-05-21)