王必金,张士万,郭战峰,陈绵琨,刘新民
(中国石化江汉油田分公司采气厂,重庆万州,404020)
众多学者对开江-梁平陆棚及两侧台缘相带的分布开展大量研究,同时对生物礁、滩的发育条件,成礁模式以及储集特征进行了深入分析,并形成了一套较成熟的勘探理论、体系和方法[1-8],指出开江-梁平陆棚两侧台地边缘带和鄂西盆地台地边缘带的长兴组—飞仙关组是未来大型天然气田勘探的重要地区[9-10](图1)。自普光气田的勘探发现之后,以马永生、王一刚等为代表的专家和学者针对开江-梁平陆棚两侧台地边缘沉积相带的研究取得了重要进展[11-15],并相继获得了一系列重大的勘探成果,在开江-梁平陆棚东北侧发现了铁山坡、罗家寨、普光等礁、滩大气田,在西侧发现龙岗、元坝等礁滩大气田[16-20]。但由于资料和勘探程度的限制,对于开江-梁平陆棚向东南段的延伸状况的认识一直存在分歧,大多学者认为开江-梁平陆棚在鄂西-渝东区过渡为开阔台地相,由台地与鄂西盆地相隔[21-23](图1),但郑有恒等根据部分鄂西-渝东区部分钻井揭示的骨针等化石分析,认为开江-梁平陆棚可能向东南延伸至鄂西盆地[24]。三维地震资料采集和钻井工作的开展,为深化研究开江-梁平陆棚分布位置提供了重要条件。
图1 研究区位置Fig.1 Location of the study area
箭竹溪生物礁发育于鄂西-渝东区内利川市建南镇附近的晚二叠世长兴组沉积时期。2012年箭竹1 井钻探揭示长兴组生物礁、滩发育。该井在4 394.34~4 452.90 m 进行了系统取心,取心进尺58.56 m,心长58.23 m,收获率达到了99.4%。通过取心观察发现,自4 404.6 m~4 452.9 m 是生物礁发育段,厚度达到了50.5 m,占取心地层厚度的86.7%。在生物礁发育段主要由礁灰岩与生物碎屑灰岩或含生物碎屑的白云岩的互层构成,其中礁灰岩有7 层,含生物碎屑的白云岩3 层,含生物碎屑灰岩4 层,泥晶灰岩1 层,礁灰岩与生物碎屑灰岩或白云岩的频繁交互出现,反映出沉积水体频繁升降和生物礁生长多期次性,造礁生物以海绵和藻类为主,礁体类型主要为障积礁(图2)。4 426.79~4 452.90 m 井段主要发育深灰色细粉晶-微晶生物礁灰岩,造礁生物以海绵为主,苔藓虫次之,生物含量达40%~60%,下部生物含量较高,为障积礁;上部生物含量相对逐渐降低,表现为粘积-障积礁,局部发育溶洞、缝合线及裂缝。4 423.31~4 426.79 m 井段主要发育泥质灰岩、泥晶灰岩、粉-细晶白云岩,生物含量较少,最高不超过25%,主要为有孔虫,局部见腕足、单体海绵和棘皮等,为礁后发育的生屑滩。4 418.71~4 443.31 m 主要为灰色、深灰色礁灰岩,皂角生物以苔藓虫为主,也可见海绵和藻类,生物含量为30%左右。4 413.77~4 418.71 m主要为生物碎屑的泥晶-微晶灰岩,生物含量较少,主要为苔藓虫、海绵和有孔虫、腕足的碎片。4 404.47~4 413.77 m 为灰色、深灰色的障积礁灰岩,造礁生物以海绵和苔藓虫为主,含量为30%~50%,附礁生物常见腕足、有孔虫和藻类。4 402.46~4 404.47 m 为浅灰色、深灰色粉晶-细晶白云岩,局部见残余生物碎屑,为有孔虫、腕足等,应为生物礁顶部发育的礁盖白云岩。在生物礁发育层段中,单层厚度最大的礁灰岩厚达到17.5 m,箭竹1 井取心揭示在长兴组沉积时期,该区位于典型的台地边缘相带。
图2 鄂西-渝东区箭竹1 井长兴组取心段地层柱状图Fig.2 Stratigraphic column of cored intervals in the Changxing Formation of Well Jianzhu 1 in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing area
箭竹溪生物礁厚度大,箭竹1 井取心段之下,礁灰岩厚度延续到4 503.5 m,揭示生物礁体厚度达到101.4 m,该生物礁在垂直于生物礁走向的1 145 测线的地震剖面上具有典型的丘状反射特征,丘形体最厚处达到30 ms 左右(图3)。由于生物礁与周缘地层波阻抗差异不大,其界面反射强度较小,其形态的描述在瞬时相位剖面上更清晰(图4),该剖面上相同CDP 范围内的丘形外形特征更清晰,但在厚度描述的厚度达到50 ms 左右,这与相位剖面的相位移有关。同时,还可以观察到由于生物礁的发育,其上覆的长兴组二段厚度也受影响而减薄。这是生物礁发育的又一个地震识别标志。通过精细刻画礁体的形态,研究表明其走向为近南北向,面积18.2 km2。该生物礁的规模和展布方向描述表明,箭竹溪应该处近南北向的台缘带上,通过与周缘已经证实的典型生物礁、滩分布综合分析认为箭竹溪生物礁为开江-梁平陆棚向东延伸方向具有良好的一致性,与南部鄂西盆在工区的走向差别较大(图5)。
图3 鄂西-渝东区生物礁地震反射特征(剖面位置见图5)Fig.3 Seismic reflectance profile of bioherms in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing area(see Fig.5 for the location)
图4 鄂西-渝东区生物礁瞬时相位剖面(剖面位置见图5)Fig.4 Instant-phase section of bioherms in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing area(see Fig.5 for the location)
在碳酸盐沉积相的分析中不仅生物礁是重要的相标志,而且对浅滩白云岩的展布特征刻画,有助于准确描述台地相的展布。在箭竹1 井长兴组长一段的中、下部,存在一套以灰色白云岩和云质灰岩互层的地层序列,由3 层白云岩和3 层含云质的灰岩组成(图6),其上覆地层为一套厚度较大的礁灰岩,下伏地层为一套深灰色含硅质的灰岩。
根据实验室分析认为,4 508 m 岩样的薄片鉴定为细晶白云岩,细晶含量达到91%,粉晶含量9%(图7a)。4 510 m 岩样的薄片鉴定为亮晶颗粒灰岩,颗粒大小为0.02~0.08 mm,含量达到54%;生屑含量为11%,主要为有孔虫;方解石含量为30%(图7b)。根据岩石结构特征和岩石组合分析认为该套地层主要为台地或台缘浅滩沉积。
电测资料表明,滩体上部白云岩的声波值较小,为150~170 μm/s,密度为2.78~2.80 g/cm3;下部白云岩的声波值为155 μm/s,密度为2.82 g/cm3;其上覆的礁灰岩和硅质灰岩的声波值为160~175 μm/s,密度为2.70~2.75 g/cm3;因此,白云岩发育层段总体上表现为高阻抗,邻近灰岩段为相对低阻抗。在地震阻抗反演剖面上看出箭竹1 井长兴组生物礁体下伏的白云岩高阻抗地层段分布范围较广,除在生物礁下部发育外,在剖面的右侧大面积分布(图8)。在箭竹1 井北东向7.5 km 处的建42 井钻遇该套浅滩白云岩;但在剖面箭竹溪生物礁的剖面左侧,白云岩浅滩不发育,在箭竹1 井西侧的建28 等井均未钻与该套浅滩白云岩。通过以往的钻井资料与波阻抗反演结果对比分析,钻井与波阻抗预测结果具有较好的一致性,说明对于该套浅滩分布的预测结果是可信的。因此,该套白云岩应为台缘浅滩,在箭竹溪生物礁体的右侧应该存在开阔台地相带,而西侧应为陆棚相带。否则,利用地震资料预测的箭竹1 井底部这套白云岩分布不能有合理的解释,同时,与建28 井的钻井资料也存在矛盾。因此,结合以往的钻井资料和露头资料综合分析认为,鄂西盆地与开江-梁平陆棚之间的开阔台地边界基本形态应如图5 所示,箭竹溪生物礁与普光处于同一个台缘相带上,这与以往将箭竹溪生物礁与元坝划分在同一个台缘带上明显不同。
图5 鄂西-渝东区及其周缘长兴组沉积相Fig.5 Diagram showing sedimentary facies of the Changxing Formation in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing and the peripheral areas
图6 鄂西-渝东区箭竹1 井长兴组长一段地层柱状图Fig.6 Stratigraphic column of the 1st member of Changxing Formation of Well Jianzhu 1 in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing area
图7 鄂西-渝东区长兴组岩屑薄片照片Fig.7 Microphotographs of thin sections from the Changxing Formation in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing area
图8 鄂西-渝东区箭竹1 井白云岩波阻抗剖面(剖面位置见图5)Fig.8 Impedance section of dolomite in Well Jianzhu 1 in western Hubei and eastern Chongqing area(see Fig.5 for the location)
开江-梁平陆棚已经向东南方向延伸至鄂西-渝东地区,并与鄂西盆地相连,在陆棚两侧发育台地边缘生物礁和浅滩两种沉积储集体,展示了鄂西-渝东地区具备较好勘探前景。建议在开江-梁平陆棚向东南方向鄂西-渝东南侧的利川一带部署三维地震,进一步深化礁滩体的识别和精细描述,扩大天然气勘探范围。
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