陈 雷,赵元艺,王宗起,刘 妍,曹 洁,定 立
(1.中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所国土资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室,北京 100037;2.中国地质大学(北京)地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083)
相山铀矿床是我国最大的火山岩型铀矿床,主要赋存在白垩纪火山侵入杂岩体中,大地构造位置上位于扬子板块与华南板块缝合线南缘(杨明桂,1997)(图1a),同时又处于北东向展布的赣杭构造火山岩成矿带中(图1b)。在长达半个多世纪的开采和研究过程中,已有众多的学者从矿床地质特征、矿物学、成矿流体、年代学及岩石地球化学等方面对其进行了详细的研究(方锡珩等,1982;李坤英等,1989;陈迪云等,1993;陈跃辉等,1995;周文斌等,1997;陈小明等,1999;廖宇华,2000;余达淦,2001a,b;吴仁贵等,2003;范洪海等,2001a,b,c,2006、2005;张万良和李子颖,2007;邵飞等,2008;Yang et al.,2010;杨水源等,2012),目前已经普遍接受的是相山火山侵入杂岩形成于早白垩世(~135Ma,Yang et al.,2010;杨水源等,2012),但是对于这套火山侵入杂岩的性质、成因及铀矿的物质来源仍存在有较多争议。多数学者都认为相山火山侵入杂岩具有S型岩浆的性质,源自地壳的重熔(刘家远,1985;王德滋,1991;刘昌实等,1992a,b;李邦达,1993;窦小平,2005;Yang et al.,2010;杨水源等,2012),也有部分学者认为虽然具有壳源特征,但是在形成过程中有地幔物质加入,而且地幔物质对岩浆和成矿物质的形成具有重要意义。源区主要是由下地壳的部分熔融而形成(方锡珩,1982;刘家远,1986;夏林圻,1992;陈迪云,1993;范洪海,2001a,b,c;方锡珩等,1982;夏林圻等,1992;陈迪云等,1993;李邦达,1993;段芸等,2001),Jiang et al.(2005)通过对相山矿田内的火山岩及其内部包体进行了矿物学和地球化学研究,认为形成相山火山杂岩的岩浆为富Mg的钾质岩浆,起源于岩石圈地幔。同时,对相山铀矿体的成矿作用也有较多的争论,有浅源浅成论(余达淦,2001a,b;范洪海等,2001a),斑岩型成矿(张万良,2001;吴仁贵等,2003)及地幔流体成矿模式(胡瑞忠等,2004;姜耀辉等,2004;张树明等,2005;Jiang et al.,2006;Hu et al.,2009),但无论哪一种成矿作用模式,都认为相山的铀矿化与矿田内各种斑(状)岩具有密切联系,如花岗斑岩、流纹英安斑岩及碎斑熔岩,铀矿化主要发育在各类斑(状)岩内或与其接触的地层中,因此对矿区内广泛出露的各种斑(状)岩进行深入、详细的研究,不仅能够进一步了解相山火山杂岩的真正成因,而且对于理解矿田内铀的成矿作用也具有重要的意义。
因此,本次研究选择相山矿田山南矿区的赋矿岩石-花岗斑岩和流纹英安岩作为研究对象,在详细的野外地质观察和室内岩相学研究的基础上对上述两种岩石进行了地球化学和Sr、Nd同位素测试,期望能够通过本次研究对相山含矿火山杂岩的岩浆起源、演化及形成背景有更加深入、准确的理解,同时也期望能够对矿田甚至区域内铀的成矿作用提供一些有利信息。
相山火山侵入杂岩体平面上呈椭圆形,东西长约26.5km,南北宽约15km,面积约309km2,构成一个大型火山塌陷盆地(图1c)。前人研究表明,火山侵入杂岩为一套酸性(次)火山岩和火山碎屑岩,具有多旋回、多阶段特征(方锡珩等,1982;夏林圻等,1992;吴仁贵,1999)。该火山塌陷盆地基底地层主要为早-中元古代中-深变质岩系和震旦纪浅变质岩系,盖层主要是侏罗系的火山岩,盆地北西部被白垩系红层覆盖。
山南矿区位于相山矿田的北部,矿区内有横涧、岗上英及石马山3个火山岩型中低温热液脉型铀矿床。矿区内发育有震旦系变质岩和上侏罗统打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组中酸性-酸性火山岩系(图1d)。盖层火山岩系总体向南东缓倾斜;花岗斑岩体产状及形态多变,在西部横涧地段出露地表,往南东方向向深部倾伏呈盲岩体(吴三 等,2010)。断裂构造主要有北东向和近东西向断裂。北东向断裂主要发育在盖层中,从西到东发育有6条走向北东、往南东方向陡倾的早期为压扭,晚期为左旋的正断层性质的断裂构造,是矿田内控制富大铀矿体的邹家山-石洞断裂带的北东段组成部分;近东西向断裂构造主要为基底隐伏的逆断层,被花岗(闪长)斑岩所充填。在火山岩的组间界面附近还发育有近东西向弧形火山塌陷构造。此外,在各种岩性界面附近裂隙构造极为发育(吴三 等,2010)。山南矿区内赋矿围岩主要为花岗斑岩,其次为打鼓顶组的流纹英安岩和鹅湖岭组的碎斑熔岩,在花岗斑岩外接触带的打鼓顶组砂岩以及震旦系片岩中也有少量铀矿体。围岩蚀变分带明显,中心为萤石、水云母、绿泥石及硫化物与沥青铀矿物一起形成富矿脉,两侧为具赤铁矿化的较低品位铀矿化,并向具有钠长石化、水云母化的围岩过渡。矿体规模小,呈脉状、群脉状,受构造断裂带或破碎蚀变岩带控制。矿石类型主要为铀-赤铁矿和铀-萤石型,矿石品位变化大,铀-萤石型品位一般较富(吴三 等,2010)。
本次研究的花岗斑岩和流纹英安岩主要采自山南矿区横涧矿段,岩石样品主要为弱蚀变或无蚀变的新鲜的花岗斑岩和流纹英安岩样品。
流纹英安岩手标本呈深灰色,斑状结构(图2a),流纹状构造,斑晶约占10% ~13%,主要是斜长石和石英,有少量钾长石,斜长石呈自形-半自形结构,可见有明显的双晶结构(图2c),由于样品发生了硅化和粘土化蚀变,部分长石斑晶表面形成了很多细小的绢云母;基质主要由长石、石英及很少量的黑云母等矿物组成,多呈玻基交织结构。
花岗斑岩手标本呈灰白色,斑状结构,块状构造(图2b),斑晶主要有长石(斜长石和钾长石)和石英组成。其中长石占斑晶总量的60%左右,呈半自形板状或它形粒状,粒径一般在1~3mm之间,其中部分长石蚀变浑圆状颗粒,形成了高岭土和细小的绢云母颗粒;石英占斑晶总量的40%左右,粒径一般在1~2.5mm(图2d)。基质主要是长英质矿物及很少量的黑云母,颗粒界线不清。大部分花岗斑岩都发生了高岭石化蚀变。
图1 相山铀矿田的大地构造位置(a,b,据余心起等,2006修改),相山火山侵入杂岩体地质简图(c,据范洪海等,2011修改)山南矿区地质简图(d,据吴三毛等,2010修改)Fig.1 Tectonic framework of the Xiangshan ore foeld(a,b,after Yu et al.,2006),geological sketch map of volcanic-intrusive comples in the Xiangshan ore foeld(c,after Fan et al.,2011),geological sketch map of Shannan ore district(d,after Wu et al.,2011)
样品的主量、微量、稀土元素和Sr-Nd同位素的测试在核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心完成,测试前首先将样品磨碎至200目。主量元素分析采用XRF方法(X荧光光谱法),取0.5g样品煅烧后加入9.0g的 Li2B4O7-LiBO2助熔物(固体),充分混和后放置在自动熔炼仪中,使之在1050~1100℃熔融,熔融物倒出后形成扁平玻璃片,再用XRF荧光光谱仪进行分析,分析精度优于5%。稀土和微量元素采用ICP-MS方法分析,取0.2g样品,加入到0.90g的 LiBO2熔剂中,混合均匀,在1000℃的熔炉中熔化。熔液冷却后,溶解于100mL 4%的硝酸中,然后用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析,测试精度为5% ~10%。
Sr-Nd同位素测试前首先称取0.1~0.2g粉末样品,置于低压密闭溶样罐中,加入稀释剂,用混合酸(HF+HNO3+HClO4)溶解24h。待样品完全溶解后,蒸干,加入6mol/L的盐酸转为氯化物蒸干。用0.5mol/L的盐酸溶液溶解,离心分离,清液载入阳离子交换柱。然后用盐酸溶液淋洗,蒸干,最后用ISOPROBE-T热电离质谱计完成质谱分析。Sr同位素比值测定的内校正因子采用86Sr/88Sr=0.1194,标准测量结果NBS987为0.710250±7。Nd同位素比值采用146Nd/144Nd=0.7219校正,标准测量结果SHINESTU为0.512118±3(标准值为0.512110)。
山南矿区岩浆岩样品的主量元素分析结果见表1。流纹英安岩的 SiO2质量分数为 69.47% ~72.19%,Al2O3质量分数为 12.85% ~14.43%,Fe2O3质量分数在1.01% ~3.31%之间,FeO在0.2%~1.4%之间,MgO质量分数变化较大,在0.06% ~0.51%;K2O/Na2O在0.4~0.52之间,说明样品富碱、富钠;Mg#较低且变化较大,在5.02~26.75。在 SiO2-(K2O+Na2O)图解上(图3a),测试样品都落在了流纹岩和英安岩的交界处,这也与野外和室内镜下观察结果相一致。
花岗斑岩的SiO2质量分数为72.32% ~78.6%,Al2O3质量分数为 12.17% ~14.32%,Fe2O3质量分数在0.64% ~1.72%,FeO在0.15%~1.0%之间,MgO质量分数在0.17% ~0.33%;K2O/Na2O在0.4~0.67之间,同样也说明其具有富碱、富钠的特征;Mg#较低且变化较大,在13.13~36.26。在QAP图解上(图3b),测试样品都落在了碱长花岗岩和花岗岩区域内。
流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩都属于高钾钙碱性和钾玄岩系列(图4a),在A/CNK-A/NK图解上,大部分样品都位于过铝质区域内,只有两个样品位于准铝质范围内(图 4b)。在 SiO2与 Al2O3、FeOt、TiO2、MgO、CaO及P2O5的协变关系图上(图5)可以发现流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩都具有随着SiO2含量的增加而其他元素含量减少的趋势,两种岩性的样品具有相同的变化趋势,说明两者可能具有相同的岩浆演化特征。
流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的微量和稀土元素含量见表1,两者具有相似的微量元素特征,相对富集Th、U、Pb等高场强元素和 Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损 Zr、Ti、Ta、Ce 等高场强元素和 Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素(图6a,c),普遍具有U、Pb的富集,这可能与矿区内两种岩性的岩石中普遍具有铀矿化有关。两种岩性的样品中Sr含量不高且变化较大,在 43.8~285×10-6之间,Rb/Sr值分别为0.16~0.98(平均 0.71)和 0.14~2.90(平均1.46),Rb/Nb值分别为1.36~15.28(平均9.80)和2.65~16.17(平均7.56),Rb/Sr和 Rb/Nb值都明显高于中国东部(分别为0.31和6.8,高山等,1999)和全球上地壳的平均值(分别为0.32和4.5,Taylor and McLennan,1985),反映流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩源自成熟度较高的陆壳物质。
图5 相山铀矿田山南矿区的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的SiO2与Al2 O3、FeOt、TiO2、MgO、Ca2 O及P2 O5的协变关系图,图例同图3Fig.5 SiO2-Al2 O3,FeOt,TiO2,MgO,CaO and P2 O5 diagrammatize of rhyodacite and granite porphyry samples in Shannan ore district of Xiangshan ore field,symbols as Fig.3
在稀土元素方面,流纹英安岩的∑REE(229.32~330.33×10-6)略高于花岗斑岩的∑REE(117.58~241.64×10-6);在球粒陨石标准化配分图上,流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的样品均表现出轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损(图6b,d),LREE/HREE分别为9.32~11.59和2.12~8.27,(La/Yb)N值分别为10.59~14.26和1.41~9.47;两者都具有明显的Eu异常,表明两种岩性的岩石在分馏结晶或部分熔融的过程中源区均有长石的残余;两者的(La/Sm)N值为3.73~5.94和1.51~4.57,(Gd/Yb)N值分别为1.47~1.77和0.76~1.41,表明轻、重稀土元素都发生了一定的分馏,而轻稀土元素的分馏程度要强于重稀土元素,流纹英安岩的分馏程度要普遍高于花岗斑岩。
流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的Sr、Nd同位素分析结果见表2。流纹英安岩的87Rb/86Sr比值在0.4738~4.3443之间,花岗斑岩在0.2932~9.3296之间;147Sm/144Nd比值变化不大,流纹英安岩在0.0985~0.1139,花岗斑岩在0.1142~0.1854之间。根据Yang et al.(2010)和杨水源等(2012)对相山矿体的流纹斑岩、流纹英安岩和流纹英安斑岩进行的锆石U-Pb测年结果,选择135Ma作为岩体形成年龄,计算得出流纹英安岩的初始Sr比值(ISr)比值在0.7172~0.7178,花岗斑岩在 0.7160~0.7219之间,两者的εNd(t)值在-7.81~-8.93之间。流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的Nd同位素两阶段模式年龄(TDM2)相一致,介于1562~1639Ma之间,为中元古代。
图6 相山铀矿田山南矿区的流纹英安岩(a,b)和花岗斑岩(c,d)的微量元素和稀土元素配分模式图(原始地幔和球粒陨石标准化值据Sun and McDonough,1989),图例同图3Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized and Primitive mantle normalized REE and trace elements diagrams for rhyodacite and granite porphyry samples in Shannan ore district of Xiangshan ore field(primitive mantle and Chondrite values from Sun and McDonough,1989),symbols as Fig.3
表1 相山矿田山南矿区岩浆岩的主量、微量元素组成及锆石饱和温度Table 1 Major,trace elements and crystallization temperature of igneous rocks in Shannan ore district of Xiangshan ore field
续表1Continued Table 1
表2 相山矿田山南矿区岩浆岩的Sr-Nd同位素特征Table 2 Sr-Nd isotopes of igneous rocks in Sha nnan ore district of Xiangshan ore field
花岗质岩浆初始结晶的温度对于理解花岗质岩浆的起源和演化具有重要的意义,本次主要选取岩石的锆石饱和温度计对流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的结晶温度进行估算。根据Miller et al.(2003)的计算公式,具体公式和结果见表1,计算出流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的结晶温度分别为812.5~904.9℃和772.1~826℃,流纹英安岩的温度相对高于花岗斑岩。Sylvester(1998)提出花岗岩的Al2O3/TiO2比值可以作为源区部分熔融的温度指示剂,当Al2O3/TiO2>100时,表明部分熔融温度 <875℃,反之则相反。本次研究的流纹英安岩Al2O3/TiO2比值平均为56.09,而花岗斑岩的比值平均为167.54,这表明流纹英安岩的形成温度要高于花岗斑岩,而这一结果与锆石饱和温度计的结果相一致。张旗等(2006)提出根据花岗岩的Sr、Yb地球化学特征,判别其形成时的压力,本次测试的样品在Sr-Yb图解上(图7),主要都落在了低Sr高Yb的区域内,说明相山矿区的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩形成于较低的压力范围。综合上述温度和压力的估算结果,说明相山矿区内的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩形成于高温、低压的环境。
图7 相山矿田山南矿区流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的Yb-Sr图解(据张旗等,2006),图例同图3Fig.7 Plot of Yb-Sr of rhyodacite and granite porphyry samples in Shannan ore district of Xiangshan ore field(after Zhang et al.,2006),symbols as Fig.3
山南矿区的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩都具有相对较高的SiO2含量,(K2O+Na2O)含量也较高,K2O/Na2O<1,在K2O-Na2O的判别图上(图8a),绝大部分样品都位于S型岩浆岩范围内;同样,在Zr+Nb+Ce+Y与 104×Ga/Al、FeO*/MgO的图解上(图9a、b),绝大部分的样品也都落在了高分异的I、S型岩浆岩区域内,说明山南矿区的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩主体具有S型花岗岩特征。在分异指数(AR)与SiO2的关系图上(图8b),所有测试样品均位于碱性岩区域内,说明本次研究的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩都具有富钠、高碱的特征。绝大部分样品的A/CNK值也都大于1.1或在1.1附近,说明具有强过铝质岩石特征。微量元素方面,两种岩性的样品均具有较高的Rb/Sr和Rb/Nb值,相对亏损Ta等元素,轻重稀土分异明显,具有强烈的Eu负异常特征,这些地球化学特征与华南地区典型的强富铝壳源岩浆岩特征相一致(孙涛等,2002,2003;王孝磊等,2004;周新民,2007;黄兰椿等,2012)。
图10 相山矿田山南矿区流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的(La/Sm)-La(a)、Mg#-SiO2(b)、εNd(t)-SiO2(c)及(87 Sr/86 Sr)i-1000/Sr(d)关系图,图例同图3Fig.10 Plot of(La/Sm)-La(a),Mg#-SiO2(b),εNd(t)-SiO2(c)and(87 Sr/86 Sr)i-1000/Sr(d)of rhyodacite and granite porphyry samples in Shannan ore district of Xiangshan ore field,symbols as Fig.3
在(La/Sm)-La图解中(图10a)所有的测试样品均表现出正相关性特征,表明岩浆在形成的过程中经历了部分熔融作用;在Mg#-SiO2分布图上(图10b),所有样品显示出较低的Mg#特征,说明岩浆源区主要以壳源成份为主,而这一特征与流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩表现出S型花岗岩特征相一致。流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩在εNd(t)与SiO2的相关图解上(10c)表现出明显的负相关性,说明其经历了同化混染作用(Thompson,1984;Fitton et al.,1988;Gill et al.,2004)。在(87Sr/86Sr)i-1000/Sr图上(10d),所有的测试样品均表现出正相关性,也说明两者在形成过程中具有同化混染作用,并未表现出强烈的结晶分异作用。
综合上述结论可知,山南矿区内的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩具有明显的S型花岗岩特征,在其形成过程中主要经历了部分熔融和同化混染作用。
流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的Sr-Nd同位素分析结果显示,两者均具有较大的ISr含量,较小的εNd(t)值(-7.81~ -8.93),在 ISr-εNd(t)图解上(图11a),所有的样品均落在了地幔与赣中地区元古代变质岩之间的演化线上,而且更靠近区域内元古代的变质岩,这与前人对相山地区火山杂岩的研究结果相一致(范洪海等,2001b,c;Yang et al.,2010;杨水源等,2012)。在 t-εNd(t)图解上(图11b),流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩也都位于华南元古代地壳演化区域内,远离亏损地幔演化线,说明流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩起源于古老的地壳物质重熔,并未有明显的地幔物质混入,与区域内元古代变质岩具有密切成因联系。同时在ISr-εNd(t)图解上(图11a),流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩都位于华南地区S型花岗岩的区域内,这也进一步说明两者是具有壳源特征的S型花岗质岩浆。
图11 相山矿田山南矿区流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的ISr-εNd(t)(a)与t-εNd(t)图解(图中相山火山杂岩范围引自范洪海等,2001;Yang et al.,2010;杨水源等,2012;元古代变质岩数据引自胡恭顺等,1999;I型和S型花岗岩范围引自Ling et al.,2001;华南元古代地壳演化域数据引自沈渭洲,2006),图例同图3Fig.11 ISr-εNd(t)(a)and t-εNd(t)(d)diagrams for rhyodacite and granite porphyry samples in Shannan ore district of Xiangshan ore field(the data of volcanic rocks from Fan Honghai et al.,2001,Yang et al.,2010,Yang Shuiyuang et al.,2012;the data of Proterozoic metamorphic rocks from Hu Gongshun et al.,1999;the boundary of I and S type granite from Ling et al.,2001;the evolution of Proterozoic crust oSouth China from Shen Weizhou,2006),symbols as Fig.3
在La-(La/Sm)的关系图上(图10a),流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩与区域内元古代变质岩具有相似的分布范围和变化趋势,而且流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩都表现出部分熔融的特征,这些说明区域内元古代变质岩可能是两者的源岩,通过部分熔融作用而形成了流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的岩浆。在εNd(t)与SiO2、(87Sr/86Sr)i-1000/Sr图解上(10c,d),流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩表现出明显的同化混染特征,说明流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的岩浆在形成和演化过程中具有较大程度的地壳物质混染。Ce-Ce/Pb的关系图上(图12a),山南矿区流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩都落在了区域内元古代变质岩的范围附近,靠近大陆平均地壳而远离原始地幔和MORB区域;Nb-Nb/Th图上(图12b)本次测试样品也均在元古代变质岩的范围附近,Nb/Y-Th/Y图解(图12c)所有的样品均在Th/Nb=1的趋势线附近,靠近大陆平均地壳,与区域内元古代的变质岩具有相同的分布范围;Ta/Yb-Th/Yb的图解中(图12d),测试样品远离了地幔交代的演化趋势线,同样也落在了区域内元古代变质岩区域内。因此,由上述大离子不相容元素的关系图可以发现,山南矿区内的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩均表现出强烈的壳源特征,而这与Sr-Nd同位素的研究结果相一致。
Sylvester(1998)提出CaO/Na2O比值可以判断花岗岩的源区物质成分,并认为若 CaO/Na2O>0.3,表示源区属于砂质岩成分;而 CaO/Na2O<0.3,则表示源区属于泥质岩成分。在本次测试的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的CaO/Na2O值既有大于0.3,也有部分小于0.3,说明两者的源区既有砂质岩也有泥质岩成分;在 C/MF-A/MF(C/MF=CaO/(FeOt+MgO),A/MF=Al2O3/(FeOt+MgO),都为摩尔数)配分图上(图13a),流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩位于变质砂岩和变质泥岩的部分熔融区域。在Rb/Sr与Rb/Ba和CaO/Na2O分布图上(图13b,c),流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩在泥质源区和砂质源区都有分布,但是大部分测试数据都位于砂质岩源区的范围,说明流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的源区成分具有砂质岩也有泥质岩,但以砂质岩成分为主。本次得到的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的 εNd(t)值为 -7.81~-8.93,两阶段模式年龄 TDM2分别为1562~1627Ma和1583~1639Ma,与区域内的元古代变质岩具有相同的年龄,说明区域内元古代的变质岩中砂质岩和泥质岩很可能就是本次研究的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的源岩,而与流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩具有密切的铀矿化同样也具有壳源特征。
图14 相山矿田山南矿区流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩的Y+Nb-Rb和Y-Nb图解(据Pearce et al.,1984),图例同图3Fig.14 Y+Nb-Rb and Y-Nb diagrams for rhyodacite and granite porphyry samples in Shannan ore district of Xiangshan ore field(after Pearce et al.,1984),symbol as Fig.3
华南地区作为我国重要的成矿域,在中生代发生了大规模成矿作用,华仁民等(1999)、毛景文等(1999、2000、2004)对区域内的岩浆活动和成矿作用进行了详细、系统的研究和总结,认为在华南地区中生代主要金属矿床形成于3个阶段,且均认为第一、二次大规模成矿作用分别对应于印支造山运动后岩石圈的局部拉张-裂解和大规模伸展减薄,而第三次大规模成矿作用的背景更为复杂,既有拉张又有挤压,大陆边缘大规模的火山岩浆作用、弧后的扩张作用、板内岩石圈的进一步伸展以及深断裂的活动。Yang et al.(2010)和杨水源等(2012)对相山矿区的火山杂岩进行的锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,其主要形成于~135Ma,表明相山矿区的火山杂岩主要形成于华南中生代第二次大规模成矿作用,形成于岩石圈的大规模伸展减薄环境。本次研究的山南矿区内的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩在构造环境上形成于板内环境(图14),Sr-Nd同位素和地球化学特征表明流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩具有壳源特征,与区域内元古代变质岩具有密切的成因联系。这些都说明本次研究的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩可能在中生代由于太平洋板块的俯冲作用导致华南地区岩石圈发生大规模的伸展减薄,而这种岩石圈的伸展减薄造成了区域内元古代的变质岩发生重融而形成相山矿田内出露的具有壳源特征的碱性岩浆岩,同时也形成了矿田范围内大规模的铀矿化。
本次研究通过对相山矿田山南矿区内的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩进行了地球化学和Sr、Nd同位素的研究,得出了以下结论:
(1)相山矿田山南矿区内的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩属于高钾钙碱性和钾玄岩系列的碱性岩浆岩,其中流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩具有较高的结晶温度,分别为812.5~904.9℃和772.1~826℃,两者都形成于低压的环境;
(2)地球化学和Sr、Nd结果显示山南矿区内的流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩具有明显的S型花岗岩特征,在其形成过程中主要经历了部分熔融和同化混染作用。流纹英安岩、花岗斑岩及相应的铀矿化具有强烈的壳源特征,而区域内的元古代变质岩中的砂质岩和泥质岩可能是源岩;流纹英安岩和花岗斑岩形成于板内环境,与中生代华南地区岩石圈的伸展减薄有关。
致谢 本次研究工作得到了南京大学倪培教授的大力支持;还得到了中国地质调查局南京地质调查中心郭坤一所长、南京地调中心矿勘部骆学全主任及班宜忠研究员的关心和支持;实验过程中得到核工业北京地质研究院分析测试研究中心各位老师的大力支持,在此一并表示感谢!
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