侯 乐 谢立科 唐由之 肖文峥 张明明 郝晓风 谢万坤
光动力学疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)是一种选择性损伤疗法,最早用于恶性肿瘤的诊断和治疗,上世纪末被应用于临床封闭脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization,CNV),并逐渐引入到许多眼底病的治疗当中。本文对目前PDT应用中所发现的问题及针对相应问题所作出的改进进行简单介绍。
PDT由于其组织选择性好、对微血管组织的损伤作用强和全身副反应少等特点,曾被认为是治疗多种CNV相关眼底病的首选疗法,并主要应用于年龄相关性黄斑变性(age related macular degeneration,ARMD)、息肉样脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)、病理性近视(pathologic myopia,PM)和中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)的治疗中。但是经过几年的随访观察及临床研究,发现PDT也有不可忽视的副作用。
研究发现,PDT虽然能有效地减慢湿性ARMD病程,但其几乎不能提高视力〔1〕。Kürzinger GR等人在PDT对有隐匿性新生血管的ARMD疗效研究中发现,PDT能稳定却不能提高湿性ARMD患者的矫正视力〔2〕。Keane等人报道了1例ARMD患者在PDT治疗后出现了急性的视力下降〔3〕。同时,有研究表明,应用PDT治疗病理性近视长期疗效明显低于贝伐单抗(bevacizumab),并且在PDT治疗2年后,视力较治疗早期明显下降,与未治疗前的基线视力无明显差异〔4-5〕。
1.2.1 严重的脉络膜局部缺血和萎缩:CSC伴有浆液性视网膜色素上皮脱离(pigment epithelium detachment,PED),或慢性CSC患者经PDT治疗后,虽然PED及浆液性视网膜神经上皮脱离复位,但其激光治疗区域出现严重的脉络膜局部缺血并导致视力下降〔6〕。对于需要多次PDT治疗的CNV相关眼底病,反复的PDT治疗会增加永久性脉络膜萎缩的风险〔7〕。
1.2.2 视网膜下/脉络膜上出血:部分PCV患者在PDT治疗不久后出现大量的视网膜下/脉络膜上出血〔8〕。
1.2.3 黄斑裂孔:有病例报道,在PDT治疗ARMD脉络膜新生血管20 d后出现黄斑裂孔。在这之前先发现有玻璃体后脱离。作者认为,PDT后黄斑裂孔归责于脉络膜隆起导致的中心凹裂开,并由于激光引起的中心凹切线方向的牵拉或黄斑囊样水肿而加重,最终导致了黄斑全层裂孔〔9〕。
1.2.4 视网膜毒性:虽然与其他激光相比较,PDT能更好地保护视网膜组织,但动物实验表明PDT对视网膜仍有一定程度的损伤〔10-12〕。大多数CNV病人需要多次治疗,因此,累积的损伤就十分让人担忧了。Turkuoglu等人认为,PDT和只注射维替泊芬(PDT第二代光敏剂)都会导致一氧化氮(NO)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)在视网膜中水平的增加,而这可能导致视网膜中毒。其中NO是由精氨酸经一氧化氮合成酶氧化后产生的。少量的NO能调节生理功能,但过量会引起组织损害。已有实验表明NO对光感受器有毒性作用〔13-15〕。而MDA作为稳定的多不饱和脂肪酸氧化降解反应产物,其被广泛的接受为自由基形成的标准〔16〕。在临床中,与光敏剂浸润相关的氧自由基的突然增多能导致单眼CNV病人对侧眼的组织损伤〔17-18〕。近期美国学者进行了有关维替泊芬效应的体外细胞实验。实验中分别给予原代人巩膜成纤维细胞(human scleral fibroblasts,hFibro)、原代人小梁网细胞(human trabecular meshwork cells,hTMC)、原代猪小梁网细胞和人视网膜色素上皮细胞系(ARPE-19 cells),采取单独维替泊芬、单独PDT激光和维替泊芬合并PDT激光干预治疗,通过线粒体酶活性来测定上述细胞活性。结果发现单独PDT激光干预组4种细胞均无显著死亡,单独维替泊芬干预组4种细胞有轻微但无统计学意义的细胞活性降低,维替泊芬合并PDT激光干预组4种细胞有显著的细胞活性降低〔19〕。
1.2.5 视网膜下纤维化(subretinal fibrosis,SRF)或视网膜色素上皮缘退缩:J M Ruiz-Moreno认为虽然较低最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)的PM 患者在经 PDT治疗后较易发生SRF,但极少因此引起BCVA降低〔20〕。Pece A认为PM患者PDT后可能出现视网膜色素上皮缘退缩,但发生率低〔21〕。
1.2.6 视网膜色素上皮层撕裂:伴有PED的慢性非典型性CSC患者经PDT治疗后虽然视力提高,但其色素上皮层出现大的新月形视网膜色素上皮层撕裂。同时,报道指出,对于已有色素上皮层脱离的PCV患者,即使将PDT光线流量降低50%也会导致视网膜色素上皮层撕裂〔22〕。
1.2.7 黄斑中心凹下渗出:Arman等人报道了3名眼内肿瘤患者(最佳矫正视力分别为 20/20、20/60、20/20)在接受PDT疗法后几天内均出现视力下降,OCT检查发现黄斑中心凹下进行性渗出。3周到4个月后,视网膜渗出均完全吸收并且最佳矫正视力恢复到20/20,1名患者主诉有永久性的旁中心环形阴影遮挡,其余2名患者无特殊不适〔23〕。除了上述报道外,脉络膜新生血管膜(CNVM)和PCV等其他患者也均有相关报道〔24-27〕。
美国学者对146 942名ARMD患者进行了队列回顾研究发现,经PDT治疗患者死亡率的风险比为0.85,99%的可信区间为[0.75,0.95];其心肌梗塞的风险比为0.73,99%的可信区间为[0.58,0.92]。 明显高于使用抗-VEGF 疗法患者〔28〕。
对于PM患者,PDT的疗效存在个体和种族差异。高加索人个体间的差异,可能是由凝血平衡基因多态性与不同的CNV对PDT应答性之间存在遗传相关性引起的〔29〕;而亚洲人种族间的差异,可能归因于视网膜色素上皮层中较多的色素,能提供可能的保护作用〔30〕。
虽然PDT存在上述不足,但其仍具自身的优势。并且,CNV是一个不完全清楚的、动态的、多因子的过程。显而易见,对于多因子疾病单一疗法不是最佳的选择〔18〕。基于上述原因,有学者提出了联合疗法,并在ARMD中取得了较好的疗效,同时由于两者的互补,目前还没有发现明显副作用。
已有有力的基础研究预示PDT与血管生成抑制剂能互补对方的缺点。PDT通过改善反应程度,能减少玻璃体腔内注射血管生成抑制剂的频率;血管生成抑制剂能通过抑制VEGF的增量调节来增加PDT的效能〔31〕。目前主要的抗-VEGF的药有以下两种:兰尼单抗(ranibizumab)和贝伐单抗(bevacizumab)。
2.1.1 PDT联合玻璃体内注射bevacizumab:联合疗法组12个月后的疗效优于单纯PDT组,并且需要较少的治疗次数〔32〕。
2.1.2 PDT联合玻璃体内注射ranibizumab:同一天内注射ranibizumab与行PDT治疗,患者耐受性良好,84%的患者在24个月内视力稳定或有提高〔33〕。2型单纯型黄斑毛细血管扩张症患者在24 h内同时行低流量PDT联合ranibizumab治疗后,最佳矫正视力有改善并在3个月的随访中保持稳定〔34〕。
回顾性研究发现:在1年的随访期内,三联疗法,即玻璃体腔内注射bevacizumab+眼后Tenon囊下注射曲安奈德+低流量 V-PDT(verteporfin photodynamic therapy),对视力提高和视网膜厚度减少有效,并且不需要后续的治疗〔35〕。同时,Becerra等人也认为,三联疗法——PDT+玻璃体内注射曲安奈德+玻璃体内注射抗-VEGF药物能延长作用时间并能提高疗效〔36〕。但还需要更多研究来明确三联疗法的疗效。
目前临床上PDT主要的光敏剂药物名为维速达尔,其主要成分为维替泊芬和其外包裹的中性脂质体。最近有学者提出以阳离子脂质体(cationic liposome,CL)作为靶向给药载体包裹维替泊芬 (verteporfin encapsulated in cationic liposomes,CL-VTP)的设想并进行验证。前期研究发现CL能与激活的内皮细胞特异性结合,可以与诸如荧光素、吲哚菁绿等荧光基团结合,能在激光诱导CNV小鼠模型的活跃的血管源性损伤处蓄积。同时,CL作为药物传递系统已经应用于肿瘤治疗中的抗血管生成药物上。基于以上研究基础和假设,进一步研究发现CL-VTP具有与维速达尔相同的效应,但其副作用更小。这可能与CL只蓄积在CNV处有关,而在以前相关试验的兔模型维速达尔的实验中,研究者在脉络膜、PRE一直到光感受器外节都能检测到维速达尔〔37〕。
目前,在临床上PDT由于其价格昂贵、疗效不明确、需多次治疗等原因并不作为首选疗法。联合疗法为PDT在临床的应用提供了新的思路和方向,关于其短期及长期疗效等方面的进一步探讨,将为联合疗法在临床的推广应用寻求依据。
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