闵楠 薛庆云
通讯作者:薛庆云,Email:xueqingyun163@163.com
肩袖损伤是导致肩关节功能障碍的最主要原因[1]。肩袖是由肩胛下肌、冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌的肌腱在肱骨头前、上、后方形成的袖套样肌腱结构。肩袖的功能是在任何运动或静止状态使肱骨头与肩盂保持稳定,维持上臂各种姿势,完成各种运动功能。冈上肌、冈下肌肌腱在止点近侧1~1.5 cm范围内是乏血管区,是肌腱近侧端滋养血管的终末端与肌腱大结节止点部来自骨膜滋养血管的交界区域,此处是血供薄弱部位,也是肌腱退化变性和断裂的好发部位。在美国每年大约有450万人因为肩袖损伤而就医,其中超过7万5千人选择了手术治疗[2]。许多国内、外专家对肩袖损伤的治疗进行了大量研究,但目前对于其手术适应证等问题仍存在争议。因此,肩袖损伤仍是目前骨科运动医学领域研究的难点和热点问题。本文结合近年来国内外相关文献研究,对肩袖损伤的研究进展综述如下。
肩袖损伤是中老年人群的常见肩关节疾病,随着社会老龄人口的增加,肩袖损伤的发病率有明显的上升趋势。
肩袖损伤临床表现差别较大,Atsushi等[3]发现无症状的肩袖损伤患者约占总数的2/3,而有症状的患者可表现为肩关节疼痛、活动无力等症状。因此,在统计肩袖损伤的发病率时,不能忽略无症状的肩袖损伤患者。大多数尸检研究[4-6]发现,肩袖损伤的比例为5%~40%,肩袖损伤的发病率与年龄存在明显的相关性。在60岁的人群中全层肩袖损伤的比例约为25%,而在80岁的人群中这一数据则上升到50%[7]。除了年龄这一重要因素外,创伤、吸烟、高胆固醇血症和家族基因也是肩袖损伤的危险因素。
年龄增长除了对发病率有明显影响外,对于疾病的发展也有一定的影响。肩袖损伤的原因是多方面的,但国内、外许多学者认为,随着年龄增长而产生的微损伤是大多数人造成肩袖损伤的最主要原因,并且随着年龄的增长肩袖损伤类型及损伤程度都会随之发展[7]。Yamaguchi等[8]通过研究发现,大约50%的无症状全层肩袖撕裂患者平均2.8年后会出现症状,其中50%的人是由于肩袖撕裂增大造成的。疼痛等症状的发生与肩袖撕裂程度密切相关,疼痛恶化通常提示肩袖撕裂程度的变化。约50%有症状的全层肩袖撕裂平均经过2年时间撕裂程度会进一步恶化。但小的(<1~1.5 cm)全层撕裂及部分撕裂恶化程度相对较慢。
对肩袖撕裂分类目前尚无统一的标准。国内、外文献通常用以下几种标准进行分类。Cofield等[9]根据肩袖破损大小分为4种类型:撕裂直径<10 mm为小撕裂,10~30 mm为中度撕裂,30~50 mm为大撕裂,>50 mm为巨大撕裂。Burkhart等[10]根据撕裂形状将肩袖损伤分为新月形、U形和L形等。Neer等[11]根据肩袖损伤程度分为Ⅲ期:Ⅰ期为肩袖水肿出血期;Ⅱ期肩袖肌腱炎;Ⅲ期肩袖则出现撕裂情况。
肩袖修补手术是治疗肩袖损伤的有效方式,长期随访结果显示无论是关节镜修复手术还是开放手术,手术治疗均使90%以上的患者得到满意的疗效[12-13],而非手术治疗的满意度则仅为50%~60%[14-16],但目前对于肩袖损伤的手术适应证及手术疗效评估等问题仍存在一些争议。并不是所有的肩袖损伤患者都必须进行手术治疗,目前对肩袖损伤行手术治疗的适应证仍没有一个具体的标准。医生对肩袖损伤患者进行治疗时,不仅要考虑手术治疗的风险和收益,还应该注意到非手术治疗是否会导致疾病恶化。所以在选择治疗前,医生应充分考虑患者的年龄、肩袖撕裂的大小以及严重程度[8]。通常临床上对于以下三种情况可先进行非手术治疗:(1)肩袖全层撕裂小于1cm或是肩袖损伤类型为非全层撕裂;(2)患者的肩袖损伤手术无法完全修复,如存在明显的肌肉萎缩、脂肪侵润以及严重的肩关节炎;(3)损伤为慢性且年龄大于70岁的老年患者。对于以上3种类型患者可先采用康复训练、药物治疗、物理治疗等非手术治疗方法也可获得较好效果。
而直接选择手术治疗的患者情况一般为以下3种:(1)肩袖撕裂超过1cm的急性损伤;(2)肩袖全层撕裂的年轻患者,这类患者如果早期不行手术修复,撕裂损伤会越来越严重,并导致肌肉萎缩或脂肪侵润影响手术治疗及术后疗效;(3)非手术治疗无效或效果不理想时,可通过手术修复肩袖及清除病变组织。除此之外,在选择治疗方式时还应考虑患者的症状持续时间、夜间痛、外伤史、肌肉萎缩、脂肪侵润和日常活动限制情况等因素[17-18],具体问题具体分析,对患者应进行个体化的治疗。
肩袖修补手术的主要目的是恢复肩袖止点结构,保持关节运动时的机械稳定,从而减轻疼痛等症状,改善关节活动度。
目前肩袖修补的手术方法主要为三种:开放手术(Open)、关节镜辅助的开放手术(mini-open)以及全关节镜下手术。开放手术:自1911年第一台开放肩袖修补手术至今已有100余年历史[19],在这悠久的历史中,Neer提出了开放手术的5大基本原则:(1)修复三角肌起点;(2)清除喙肩韧带肩峰下减压;(3)松解肩袖;(4)腱骨固定;(5)严格的康复锻炼。目前这种手术对于疼痛症状的缓解(85%-100%)和肩关节活动度的改善(75%~95% )方面仍有很好的临床疗效[9,18,20-25]。
关节镜辅助的开放手术是由Levy等[26]在1990年提出的。Mohtadi 等[32]通过随机试验发现相对于开放手术,关节镜辅助的开放手术在短期(3个月)生活质量方面改善的幅度更大,但在超过1年的随访中,该手术在功能改善方面与开放手术均有良好的疗效。除此之外,多项随访也发现这种手术短期和长期均可减轻患者的疼痛并改善关节的功能[20-30],与开放手术有同样良好的临床效果[31]。这种手术相对于开放手术的优点:(1)减少了三角肌的损伤;(2)减少了患者住院天数;(3)手术后早期(术后3个月)生活质量评分高于开放手术[32];(4)可以经骨隧道固定肩袖,更好的重建足印区。但这种手术相对于全关节镜手术也存在术后疼痛、关节黏连,术后感染率高等缺点。
相对于以上2种手术,目前越来越多的人选择全关节镜技术。在2005年美国关节外科会议上,167名关节外科医生中的62%倾向于用全关节镜技术治疗大于3 cm的肩袖撕裂。Colvin等[33]发现1996~2006年期间,关节镜治疗肩袖撕裂损伤的人数增长了600%。关节镜治疗应用的增多主要是因为这种手术具有皮肤切口小美观、手术区域直观清楚以及周围软组织损伤小等优点[34-36]。Gartsman等[34-35]发现与开放手术和关节镜辅助的开放手术相比,全关节镜手术也可以达到使85%到95%患者的疼痛得到缓解,肩关节功能得到改善。很多不同的研究也支持全关节镜技术与另外2种技术有着同样良好的临床效果[34-35,37-41]。
目前镜下固定方式主要有单排固定、双排固定、Suture-Bridge技术等。双排固定比单排固定在足印区更接近原有解剖结构,并且拥有更好的生物力学优势,但还没有研究显示双排固定的临床效果优于单排固定。DeHaan等[42]通过比较关节镜下单、双排固定发现,两者在功能结果评分和再撕裂率方面无明显差异,但双排固定技术再撕裂率有减少趋势。Suture-Bridge技术与锚钉固定技术相比理论上可增加接触面积,增强对剪切力和旋转力的抵抗。Kim等[43]研究发现Suture-Bridge缝合技术与双排固定技术在患者满意度、功能评分与再撕裂率方面无明显差异,但Suture-Bridge缝合技术的再撕裂率有减少趋势。因此国外很多文献都推荐使用Suture-Bridge缝合技术。
越来越多的患者接受手术治疗以减轻疼痛,改善肩关节功能[33]。尽管各种报道显示手术治疗的临床效果让人满意,但有部分患者术后通过影像学检查发现损伤并没有愈合。事实上,大约有35%的小损伤和高达94%的巨大肩袖损伤手术后并没有愈合或是再次出现损伤[44-50]。其中有些患者虽然影像学检查显示损伤未愈合,但疼痛减轻、功能得到改善。其中还有一些患者的关节依然疼痛、功能依然受限,对于这部分患者就需要继续治疗。
肩袖损伤修补手术失败的原因是多方面的,主要包括生物因素、手术技术及手术部位再次创伤等原因。生物因素主要与患者高龄、韧带强度减弱、撕裂严重(>3 cm)以及肌肉脂肪退变等因素有关[51-57]。判断手术失败原因有时是十分困难的,对于术后肩关节疼痛症状没有减轻、功能未得到改善的患者,我们可以通过病史、体格检查以及影像学检查来判断,甚至对于高度怀疑手术失败和再损伤的患者可以直接行关节镜检查并再次手术。国外很多研究显示,无论是开放手术[58]还是关节镜下二次手术[59-61],对初次手术失败的患者在疼痛症状减轻和功能改善上都有着较好的临床疗效。但是二次手术的手术适应证则十分苛刻,使得符合条件的理想患者数量较少。理想的手术适应证有以下几点:(1)肌肉萎缩和韧带回缩较轻,手术可修复;(2)术前关节向前活动度超过90°;(3)三角肌功能良好;(4)关节只有一次手术史。理想的手术适应证条件过于苛刻,但对于保守治疗无法缓解疼痛以及全层撕裂可修复的患者,我们也应考虑二次手术治疗,但手术效果可能不理想。
肩袖修复手术是目前治疗肩袖损伤有效的治疗方式,它可以缓解患者关节疼痛的症状,并改善关节功能及活动度。肩袖损伤主要与年龄增长、关节创伤、吸烟、高胆固醇血症和家族基因等因素有关,并且这些因素还可导致损伤的进一步恶化。目前肩袖损伤主要通过康复训练、药物治疗、物理治疗等保守方法和手术修复方法进行治疗,其中手术治疗方法主要包括开放手术、关节镜辅助的开放手术以及全关节镜下手术。国内外的研究对手术方法的选择仍没有统一认识[62],但由于全关节镜下手术具有软组织损伤小、伤口美观等优势,而且疗效好,越来越受到大家的青睐。尽管手术治疗技术越来越成熟,但仍有一部分手术由于韧带强度减弱、撕裂严重(>3 cm)、肌肉脂肪退变以及创伤等因素导致手术失败。对于可修复的失败手术,我们还应进行二次手术治疗,但应注意手术方法的选择和适当调整术后康复锻炼强度。
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