胡 娟,刘晓春,曲 玮,崔建军
中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081
桐柏造山带古元古代变质基性岩的锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义
胡 娟,刘晓春*,曲 玮,崔建军
中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京 100081
桐柏造山带位于秦岭和大别造山带之间,其北侧对应于北秦岭中高级变质杂岩,南侧对应于大别山高压/超高压变质杂岩。锆石U-Pb定年在一个榴辉岩中获得其原岩侵位年龄和锆石重结晶或生长年龄分别为(1961±23) Ma和(1949±51) Ma,在一个石榴角闪岩(退变榴辉岩?)中获得其变质年龄为(1936±26) Ma,表明这两种基性岩石在二叠-三叠纪高压变质之前经历了古元古代变质作用的影响。由桐柏—大别—苏鲁造山带可利用的年代学资料确定,扬子陆块北缘发育的古元古代构造热事件可分为两幕,第一幕发生在约1.97~1.93 Ga,可能与Columbia超大陆的聚合有关; 第二幕发生在约1.85~1.82 Ga,或者代表Columbia超大陆汇聚的继续,或者是陆块边缘增生过程的结果。
古元古代; 两幕变质; 扬子陆块; 桐柏造山带
扬子陆块是中国大陆最重要的古老陆块之一,了解其早期形成和演化历史对充分认识中国大陆地壳的组成、构造格局的演变乃至全球构造事件的对比均具有重要意义。近年来,在扬子陆块不同地区的岩石中发现了一系列2.0~1.8 Ga构造热事件的年代学记录(凌文黎,1996; Maruyama et al.,1998; 周汉文等,1998; Qiu et al.,2000; 高山等,2001; Ling et al.,2001; Ayers et al.,2002; 吴元保等,2003; 夏群科等,2003; Chen et al.,2003a,b; Yang et al.,2003; 郑永飞,2003; Bryant et al.,2004; Li et al.,2004; 沈其韩等,2005; Hacker et al.,2006; Liu et al.,2006;Zhang et al.,2006a,b,c; 赵风清等,2006; Zheng et al.,2006; Wu et al.,2006,2008,2009; Liu et al.,2008a; Sun et al.,2008; 熊庆等,2008; 彭敏等,2009;张丽娟等,2011),其中基岩部分主要来自于扬子陆块北缘的黄陵背斜(崆岭群)及其附近区域,以及大别—苏鲁造山带中的黄土岭麻粒岩,而碎屑锆石的年代学信息则遍布扬子陆块。这有可能说明,至少扬子陆块的北缘已卷入到古元古代强烈造山作用之中。而且,与华北陆块一样,古元古代造山作用在扬子陆块早期基底形成过程中可能起到了重要作用。
桐柏造山带西连秦岭造山带,东接大别—苏鲁造山带(图1),其北侧发育与北秦岭相似的古生代中高级变质单元,南侧则发育二叠纪末-三叠纪高压变质单元,属于大别—苏鲁高压/超高压变质带的西延部分(Liu et al.,2008b,2010,2011)。同位素年代学研究表明,高压变质单元中的变质沉积岩均含有古元古代岩浆岩或变质锆石的年龄峰值,但榴辉岩的原岩及其伴生的变质酸性火成岩多形成于新元古代(Liu et al.,2008b,2010)。进一步详细的锆石U-Pb定年在一个榴辉岩和一个石榴角闪岩(退变榴辉岩?)样品中获得了古元古代构造热事件的年龄记录,这也是在扬子陆块基岩中获得的不可多得的古元古代年代学信息。本文报道了两种变质基性岩(即凤凰咀榴辉岩和武胜关石榴角闪岩)的锆石 U-Pb同位素年代学结果,并结合桐柏造山带以及整个扬子陆块中的同期年代学记录来探讨扬子陆块北缘古元古代构造热事件的意义,以期加深对扬子陆块早前寒武纪陆壳增生历史与构造演化过程的理解。
桐柏造山带中的高压变质单元以桐柏杂岩为核心,向北为北部榴辉岩带,向南为南部榴辉岩带(图2),这些构造单元基本上可以与西大别高压/超高压变质地体相对比(Liu et al.,2004a,b)。北部榴辉岩带主要出露于鸿仪河—固庙—桐柏一带,向东延伸到谭家河北部,在大地构造部位上相当于西大别地区的浒湾剪切带,但缺少石炭纪榴辉岩。主要组成岩石为花岗质糜棱岩、白云钠长片麻岩、白云石英片岩和大理岩,榴辉岩及其退变产物石榴角闪岩以团块、透镜体或不规则条带产于白云钠长片麻岩和大理岩中。南部榴辉岩带主要出露于七尖峰花岗岩体以西的黑龙镇—双河镇—大阜山一带,向东延伸到蔡家河,相当于西大别地区的红安岩群。主要由一套变质火山岩-沉积岩系组成,包括白云钠长片麻岩、白云石英片岩和大理岩,榴辉岩也以团块、透镜体或不规则条带产于白云钠长片麻岩和大理岩中。此外,该带还产出有大量的变质辉长岩和石榴角闪岩块体,以大阜山变质基性-超基性岩体为代表。北、南两条榴辉岩带的峰期变质条件分别为530~610°C、1.7~2.0 GPa和 460~560°C、1.3~1.9 GPa(刘晓春等,2005; Liu et al.,2008b)。SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb以及矿物-全岩Rb-Sr和Lu-Hf定年揭示榴辉岩的原岩形成于新元古代,而峰期变质时代为晚二叠世(约 255 Ma)(Liu et al.,2008b; Cheng et al.,2011),明显早于大别—苏鲁地区的高压/超高压变质岩(约240~220 Ma)。此外,在变质沉积岩的碎屑锆石中获得2.49 Ga、1.93 Ga和1.85~1.82 Ga三个年龄峰值,反映其物源来自于古老的扬子地块。
桐柏杂岩的主体是已强烈糜棱岩化的粗粒花岗质片麻岩,其内含有规模不等的细粒闪长质-花岗质片麻岩、斜长角闪岩、副片麻岩、大理岩和钙硅酸盐岩等捕掳体(包体),这些捕掳体与周围的糜棱岩化花岗质片麻岩一起发生了塑性变形。Liu等(2010)在这些变质岩捕掳体中发现了退变榴辉岩,矿物反应结构和石榴石成分环带指示其经历了绿帘角闪岩相、榴辉岩相和角闪岩相三个演化阶段,由相关系推测榴辉岩相变质作用的 P-T范围位于<700°C、>1.2 GPa区域内。对退变榴辉岩、石榴角闪岩和闪长质-花岗质片麻岩等变质火成岩进行的锆石 U-Pb定年结果表明(Liu et al.,2010),这些变质岩的原岩年龄介于 933 Ma和 742 Ma之间,而变质时代为232~220 Ma。变质沉积岩的碎屑锆石则产生2960 Ma和1966 Ma两组年龄数据。占绝对优势的花岗质片麻岩是在早白垩世(约 140 Ma)侵位的,而非前人所认为的新元古代(Kröner et al.,1993)。
凤凰咀榴辉岩(样品 SHZ17-1)呈团块状产于南部榴辉岩带大理岩中,出露宽度约50 m (图3a)。榴辉岩呈淡绿色,主要由石榴石(35%)、绿辉石(25%)、角闪石(20%)、多硅白云母(7%)、绿帘石(3%)、石英(10%)和少量金红石+榍石组成(图 3b)。斑状变晶结构,变形明显。石榴石变斑晶多呈浑圆状,粒径0.5~1.0 mm,含有大量的模糊状包裹体,经电子探针检测主要是绿帘石,其次是石英,也有角闪石,一般具有净边结构。绿辉石多呈细粒集合体状,但个别颗粒稍大。角闪石也为细小集合体,与绿辉石平衡共生,背散射图像分析显示环带状结构。多硅白云母叶片稍大,定向性不如其他柱状矿物。绿帘石均为长柱状,背散射图像分析也显示环带状结构。金红石颗粒较大者保存较好,较小者仅保留在榍石的核部。
武胜关石榴角闪岩(样品 WSG01-4)呈 3 m ×10 m大小的透镜体夹于桐柏杂岩的黑云斜长片麻岩中(图 3c)。主要组成矿物是石榴石(30%)、角闪石(45%)、斜长石(20%)、石英(5%)和少量绿帘石、钛铁矿,未见单斜辉石和金红石(图3d)。石榴石均为它形,粒径 0.5~1.0 mm,具有明显的白眼圈构造,由斜长石和少量角闪石构成。石榴石内含有分散状包裹体,主要是石英、榍石和少量绿帘石。角闪石呈细粒集合体分布,可含有蠕虫状、它形的斜长石包体。斜长石呈斑块状,或与角闪石共存,或围绕石榴石生长。石英颗粒稍大,可能与石榴石属于同一期次。绿帘石有两种产状,其一是生长在钛铁矿边缘,其二是呈充填脉状,与少量绿泥石共存,代表晚期绿片岩相迭加。以上矿物结构表明,武胜关石榴角闪岩可能是榴辉岩的退变产物。
锆石的分选和挑纯由河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所实验室完成。将待测锆石颗粒制成环氧树脂样品靶,抛光至其中心部位。先进行光学和阴极发光(CL)显微结构观察和照相,并由电子探针分析检测矿物包裹体的成分,在此基础上选择合适的锆石颗粒和(或)区域进行U-Pb年龄测定。凤凰咀榴辉岩样品 SHZ17-1的锆石 U-Pb定年由中国地质科学院地质研究所北京离子探针中心SHRIMP Ⅱ完成。分析流程和原理参考 Compston等(1992)的有关描述,测试孔径约为25~30 μm。用澳大利亚国家地质调查局标准锆石 TEM (417 Ma)进行元素间分馏的校正,应用澳大利亚国立大学地球科学学院标准锆石SL13 (572 Ma,U含量238×10-6)标定所测锆石的U、Th和Pb含量。利用中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所CAMECA IMS-1280二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)对武胜关石榴角闪岩样品 WSG01-4的锆石进行了U-Pb定年。锆石 SIMS年龄测定的方法和原理与Williams (1998)的描述类似。仍使用标准锆石SL13来标定待测样品的 U、Th和 Pb的含量,每测定 3个样品点之后测定一个标准锆石 TEM (417 Ma)点,用来进行不同元素间同位素分馏校正。数据处理采用SQUID1.03和ISOPLOT程序,利用实测的204Pb含量来进行普通Pb校正。单个测点同位素年龄的误差为1σ,加权平均年龄具95%的置信度。
榴辉岩样品SHZ17-1中的锆石多为不规则状、浑圆状或短柱状,晶体大小在200~400 μm之间。阴极发光图像显示多数锆石颗粒具有核-边结构(图4a,b),核部呈条带状构造,与辉长岩中的典型锆石特征相似(Corfu et al.,2003); 边部呈均匀的灰白色,似交代重结晶或变质增生成因(Xia et al.,2009)。大部颗粒发育不规则的裂隙,其内被强发光物质充填,表明它们可能经历了流体改造。
在16颗锆石上分析了18个点,其中13个点位于核部,5个点位于边部(表1)。总体来看,锆石核的U 和 Th 含量较高,分别为 99×10-6~564×10-6和86×10-6~757×10-6,Th/U 比值也较高,为 0.75~1.34,进一步说明它们为岩浆成因; 锆石边部的 U和 Th含 量 相 对 较 低 , 分 别 为 46×10-6~69×10-6和29×10-6~41×10-6,Th/U 比值为 0.56~0.77,与典型的变质成因锆石(Th/U<0.1)略有区别。两个锆石部位的U-Pb年龄未见明显的差别,但边部误差偏大(图5)。13个锆石核部分析点给出的不一致线上交点年龄为(1961±23) Ma (MSWD = 1.5),可能代表了原始辉长岩的侵位时间; 不一致线的下交点年龄为(533±880) Ma,误差大,因此不具有实际地质意义。5个锆石边部分析点中,7.2的年龄数据明显年轻,排除此点,其它4个分析点的207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为(1949±51) Ma (MSWD = 0.042),可能代表锆石重结晶或变质增生的时间。
石榴角闪岩样品 WSG01-4中的锆石均为卵形或浑圆状,粒径一般为20~100 μm。阴极发光图像揭示大多数锆石显示均匀的灰色,少数发育不明显的面状/扇状环带(图 4c,d),显然属于变质成因(Corfu et al.,2003)。有些锆石颗粒发育一个非常狭窄的,不连续的强发光边,可能反映了晚期生长。矿物包裹体比较发育,主要成分是角闪石、石英、磷灰石和榍石,但未见石榴石,说明锆石与岩石基质中矿物组合的形成时间可能并不一致。
在23颗锆石上分析了23个点(表2)。总体来看,除个别分析点(如5.1)外,锆石中的Th、U含量普遍较低(分别为 3.7×10-6~13.4×10-6和 0.1×10-6~2.9×10-6),Th/U 比值为 0.01~0.30,且绝大多数<0.10,进一步证明了它们的变质成因(Williams et al.,1987; Gebauer et al.,1997; Rubatto et al.,2000)。所有23个分析点均位于不一致线上或其附近,证明其经历了不同程度放射性成因 Pb的丢失。23个分析点产生的上交点年龄为(1936±26) Ma(图 6),下交点年龄为(116±210) Ma (MSWD=1.3),其中上交点年龄与207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄(1932±26) Ma (MSWD=1.3),在误差范围内一致,结合锆石的内部结构和包裹体类型将其解释为角闪岩相变质作用的发生时代; 下交点年龄误差范围较大,因此不具有地质意义。
本文在榴辉岩中获得其原岩侵位年龄和锆石重结晶或变质增生年龄分别为(1961±23) Ma和(1949±51) Ma,在石榴角闪岩中获得其变质年龄为(1936±26) Ma,表明这两种基性岩石经历了古元古代变质作用的影响。在两个样品中均未获得约255 Ma的榴辉岩相变质年龄,可能缘于榴辉岩形成温度较低而使锆石未能重新生长,或生长边太窄而无法测定,这种现象在桐柏—大别地区的中低温榴辉岩中普遍存在(Liu et al.,2004a,2008b,2010)。在桐柏造山带的变质沉积岩中已报道了4组碎屑锆石年龄,分别为(1966±22) Ma (样品 WHD04-2,变质年龄)、(1930±7) Ma (样品 DFS06-1,岩浆年龄)、(1846±5) Ma (样品 SHZ03-5,变质年龄)和(1820±6) Ma (样品 TB02-1,变质年龄)(Liu et al.,2008b,2010),这些碎屑锆石年龄数据与本文的基岩定年结果相吻合。看来,在桐柏造山带中记录的古元古代构造热事件似可分为两幕,第一幕发生在约1.97~1.93 Ga,第二幕发生在约 1.85~1.82 Ga,二者间隔约100 Ma。
实际上,在桐柏造山带中获得的古元古代两幕年代学图谱在大别—苏鲁造山带不同类型的三叠纪超高压变质岩中也已识别出来。这些超高压岩石包括榴辉岩、硬玉石英岩、大理岩和花岗质片麻岩,时代主要集中在1.99~1.92 Ga和1.86~1.80 Ga (周汉文等,1998; Maruyama et al.,1998; Ayers et al.,2002;Chen et al.,2003a; 吴元保等,2003; 夏群科等,2003;Yang et al.,2003; Li et al.,2004; Hacker et al.,2006;Liu et al.,2006; Zheng et al.,2006; Wu et al.,2006,2008; Sun et al.,2008)。甚至在中生代花岗岩中也有类似的继承锆石的年代学记录(Bryant et al.,2004)。在扬子陆块内部,约2.0~1.93 Ga的古元古代变质年龄信息主要来自于扬子北缘的崆岭群太古宙变质基底及其周围的新元古代沉积盖层(Qiu et al.,2000;高山等,2001; Ling et al.,2001; 赵风清等,2006;Zhang et al.,2006a,b,c; Liu et al.,2008a; Wu et al.,2009),尚未见第二幕变质作用的年龄报道,但这一时期有基性或花岗质岩浆的局部侵入(熊庆等,2008;彭敏等,2009; 张丽娟等,2011)。
现有同位素年代学资料表明,约2.0~1.93 Ga的岩浆活动和变质作用在扬子陆块北部广泛发育,应代表一次重要的碰撞造山事件。一般认为,这一碰撞造山事件可能与元古代Columbia超大陆的聚合有关(Zhang et al.,2006a,b; Zheng et al.,2007; Wu et al.,2008,2009),并导致了扬子陆块早期基底的形成。出露于黄陵背斜的圈椅埫A型花岗岩和基性岩脉以及华山观环斑花岗岩的侵入时代集中在约1.85 Ga (熊庆等,2008; 彭敏等,2009; 张丽娟等,2011),表明这一时期扬子陆块应处于伸展构造体制下,可能与Columbia超大陆的裂解有关(彭敏等,2009; 张丽娟等,2011)。然而,在桐柏—大别—苏鲁造山带中还发育一期 1.86~1.80 Ga的构造热事件,有可能说明在扬子陆块北缘存在另一期造山作用。这期造山作用或者与华北陆块中发育的同期古元古代碰撞造山带的性质相似(Zhao et al.,2003),代表Columbia超大陆汇聚的继续,或者是陆块边缘增生过程的结果。
致谢: 锆石测年得到中国地质科学院地质研究所北京离子探针中心张维博士和中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所李献华研究员、李秋立博士、唐国强和刘宇工程师的协助,张建新研究员对论文提出了宝贵的修改意见,在此致谢!
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Zircon U-Pb Ages of Paleoproterozoic Metabasites from the Tongbai Orogen and Their Geological Significance
HU Juan,LIU Xiao-chun,QU Wei,CUI Jian-jun
Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100081
The Tongbai orogen is situated at the junction between the Qinling and Dabie orogenic belts.Its northern part corresponds to the North Qinling medium- to high-grade metamorphic complexes,whereas the southern part belongs to the westward continuation of the Dabie HP/UHP metamorphic complexes.Zircon U-Pb dating reveals a protolith age of (1961±23) Ma and a zircon recrystallization or growth age of (1949±51) Ma for an eclogite,and a metamorphic age of (1936±26) Ma for a garnet amphibolite (retrograded eclogite?).These data suggest that these rocks might have suffered Paleoproterozoic metamorphism prior to Permian-Triassic HP metamorphism.Based on the available geochronological data from the Tongbai-Dabie-Sulu orogen,the authors have inferred the existence of two episodes of Paleoproterozoic tectonothermal events in northern Yangtze block.The first episode occurred at 1.97-1.93 Ga,probably related to the assembly of the Columbia supercontinent.The second episode took place at 1.85-1.82 Ga,resulting either from the protracted assembly of the Columbia supercontinent or from the accretionary orogenesis along the northern margin of the Yangtze block.
Paleoproterozoic; two metamorphic episodes; Yangtze block; Tongbai orogen
P597.3; P588.348 文献标志码: A doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2012.03.04
本文由国家973项目(编号: 2009CB825006)和中国地质调查局国土资源大调查项目(编号: 1212010711812)联合资助。
2012-03-03; 改回日期: 2012-04-09。责任编辑: 张改侠。
胡娟,女,1981年生。博士研究生。主要从事变质岩石学研究。E-mail: hujuan1314@163.com。
*通讯作者: 刘晓春,男,1962年生。研究员。主要从事岩石学研究。E-mail: liuxchqw@yahoo.com.cn。