完形填空所选短文都是上下连贯、结构严密的文章,其文章脉络自然有序,这充分体现“突出语篇、强调运用”的高考命题指导思想。可以说,对语境的理解能力是完形填空主要的考查内容,这就要求考生不仅要注意句子中的词语搭配,更要从整体上把握文章的结构和脉络,并在此基础上按照文章的行文逻辑进行合理的推理判断。
具体而言,完形填空中的逻辑关系可大致分为两类:一是上下文的语义提示;二是上下文的结构提示。下面结合近年来的高考题加以陈述(保留题号)。
一、根据上下文的语义提示解题
这是指选项常有一些词语在语篇中重复出现的现象,词语的复现使语篇中的句子相互衔接,从而构成一个意义完整的有机整体。具体分为三种情况:语义重复、词语重复、平行并列。
1.语义重复
(2010年江苏卷)When I turned fourteen,she bought me a secondhand ?摇47and told me that she believed that I could become a writer.I knew her enthusiasm,I appreciated it had already improved our lives.I accepted her ?摇49and began to write for local newspapers.I was doing the same kind of ?摇50that great day I went to interview Andrew Carnegie and received the task which became my life’s work later.
47.A.camera B.radioC.bicycleD.typewriter
49.A.beliefB.requestC.criticism D.description
50.A.teaching B.writingC.studying D.reading
47.D。解析:根据下文“a writer”可推知“继母给我买了一台二手打印机”。
49.A。解析:根据本段中的“...she believed that I could become a writer.”可知答案为belief,与believed形成了呼应。
50.B。解析:上文提到继母相信我能成为一名作家,我接受了她的信念并开始从事写作,故此处应填writing,与上文内容一致。
2.词语重复
(2010年湖南卷)My ?摇36?摇,Beans,and I walk the trail frequently.Normally,Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or explore some cause known only to him.
Beans is a white dog,quite handsome and...
36.A.deer B.dog C.lady D.man
36.B。解析:根据第二段第一句“Beans is a white dog”可判断选B。
3.平行并列
(2010年陕西卷)As selfish as it sounds,I excepted something more to come from that moment——a feeling of ?摇37?摇or satisfaction,for example.
37.A.happiniss B.sadness C.love D.hate
37.A。解析:作者期盼的是美好感受,这里的or表明了要填的词和satisfaction是并列的,故只有happiniss符合语境。
二、根据上下文的结构解题
这是指在做完形填空时,要注意识别语篇标志,如:表示转折关系的:but,while,on the other hand,although等;表示因果关系的:thus,so,therefore等;表示时空关系的:after,later,before,firstly,secondly,so far等;表示递进关系的:what’s more,besides,in addition,further等;表示条件关系的:even though,suppose,as long as等。这些逻辑关系语对准确理解语篇意义能够起到很强的提示作用。完形填空中的很多题目都围绕它们而设。考生在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑关系语,找到与文中某些词、短语有密切关系的选项。如:
1.转折关系
(2009年重庆卷)Besides,his sore throat kept upsetting him,and he developed a cough to force me and my family out,but ?摇46?摇.
46.A.escapeded B.succeeded C.regretted D.failed
46.D。解析:句意是:他头痛的喉咙使他难受,并且他开始cough来试图把我和我的家人赶走,但是没能成功。前面说到“他想赶我和家人出去”,这里的but表示一种转折关系,由此可以判断出这里是说“他没有成功”,所以D项符合题意。
2.时空关系
(2010年安徽卷)First of all,a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be easy to use...Then,the writing point of the pen should allow the ink to flow evenly(均匀地)while the pen remains in touch with the paper...?摇52?摇,the pen should make a thick,dark line.
52.A.Meanwhile B.Generally C.Afterwords?摇?摇?摇?摇D.Finally
52.D。解析:该句上两段的首句连接词为“First of all”,“Then”,所以这里应该用Finally。
3.条件关系
(2010年课标全国)He replied that she no longer knew who he was,that she had not been able to recognize him for five years now.I was surprised and asked him,“And you ?摇49go every morning,even though she doesn’t know who you are?”
49.A.only B.then C.thus D.still
49.D。解析:由下文的“even though”可知,他仍然每天都去,用still表示“依然,还是”。
4.因果关系
These tell the story of a mother whose baby grows sick and pale and has changed so much that it is almost ?摇24to the parents.
24.A.uncomfortableB.unbelievable
C.unacceptableD.unrecognizable
24.D。解析:根据前面有系动词is ,四个选项都是形容词可充当is的表语,所以从语法上都说得过去。但根据前面说到“has changed so much”(变化那么大),故这里要表达的意思是:认不出,因此只有选项D符合题意。
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