劳海港,吴孔友,陈清华
(中国石油大学 (华东)地球资源与信息学院,山东 东营 257061)
冀中坳陷调节带构造特征及演化
劳海港,吴孔友,陈清华
(中国石油大学 (华东)地球资源与信息学院,山东 东营 257061)
利用Morley等的调节构造理论和构造几何学分析,借助地质构造图、断层垂直位移分析等,在冀中坳陷识别出5种调节带类型和7种调节带构造形式,进而探讨了它们各自出现的特定构造部位、调节作用、主要构造特点和典型实例。同向趋近型调节带呈现鼻状、地垒状和转换断层3种构造形式,在断层段连接处以鼻状构造形式出现,而在控凹断层连接处则以转换断层与横向凸起并存的形式出现;同向叠覆型调节带以走向斜坡形式调节应变;同向平行型调节带以翘曲的形式改造河西务潜山带。对向平行型调节带以低凸起的形式发育于雁翎地区;对向趋近型调节带以鄚州枢纽带为典型,受两期应变的调节形成了底部以断层分叉斜滑与上部呈宽阔翘弯带的双层变形系统。产生调节作用的断层在地质演化过程中活动强度均呈现此起彼伏、此消彼长的构造特征。受调节带的影响与改造,在潜山断坡上可形成以古构造脊为优势运移通道的油气运移路径。
冀中坳陷;调节带;构造形式;构造演化;优势运移通道
调节构造是指伸展区为保持区域伸展应变守恒而产生的伸展变形构造[1-5]。Faulds等认为断层遵循着“应变守恒”规律,即断层应变在三维空间内沿断层走向通过接近或者叠覆段“传递”到另一条断层上,同时也表现为“位移量的守恒”[1]。应该说伸展构造的“分段作用”[1]是形成调节构造的必然动因,而位移量守恒是实现调节构造应变守恒的外在表现形式。Morley等依据位移沿两条平行断层轨迹的变化确定调节带,实现应变和位移的守恒原理[5]。在地质历史中调节带并非一成不变,而是随着断层活动强度在三维空间中也进行变形,因此需要将调节带与断陷、断凸区别开来的同时,还应分析调节带在地质历史中的演化过程。
冀中坳陷发育在华北地台背景之上,是华北油区中的一个中、新生代断陷—坳陷区,为渤海湾盆地内的一个一级负向构造单元,面积28400km2。近年来,对华北油区已从多方位进行了相当深入的研究,取得了不少新认识[6-25],对冀中坳陷的研究也日趋深入。以徐水—安新—文安和无极—深县—衡水为横向构造带将冀中坳陷分为北区、中区和南区[26]。基底断层系统主要由一系列北东和北北东向断层组成,另外还有北北西向 (以出岸断层为代表)和北西向 (以衡水断裂为代表)断层分布,其中北东和北北东向断层为主要的控凹断裂 (见图1)。
图1 冀中坳陷基底断层及调节构造分布图Fig.1 A map showing distribution of basement faults and accommodation structures in Jozhing Depression
Morley等[5]在研究东非裂谷伸展构造时首次将调节带分为“三类四型”。“三类”指3种基本几何形态,包括同向、背向和对向调节带;“四型”指4种断层平面分布类型,分别为趋近型、叠覆型、平行型和共线型。通过构造图、断裂分布图和地层等厚图等地质分析手段,根据断层位移变化轨迹、断层产状及其变化,结合近年来关于调节带研究的新成果,在冀中坳陷划分出5种调节构造类型,即同向趋近型、同向叠覆型、同向平行型、对向平行型和对向趋近型 (见表1)。
冀中坳陷同向趋近型调节带可归纳为鼻状横向调节带、地垒状横向调节带[27]和转换断层3种构造形式。
表1 冀中坳陷调节带类型及特征Table 1 Types and charactetistics of accomodation zone in Jizhong Depression
鼻状横向调节带是同向趋近型调节带中发育最为简单的一种构造,一般发育在控洼断层或控凹断层段位移量亏损处,沿其倾向在形态上类似鼻状。这类调节带的成因为:受断层控制的相邻两个沉积相彼此靠近,其边缘微相相互靠近,沉积物向突起 (或凸起)部位交叉尖灭,在构造图上表现为断鼻的形态。Morley等认为这类构造可能没有位移传递[5]。在控洼断层中由于断层段活动强度弱且后期改造小,鼻状形态保存完整,如发育在马西洼槽中的断鼻是马西断层分段性活动差异所致,在横向调节带走向上,断层倾向方向上伸展应力逐渐减小致使断鼻倾角明显变缓 (见图2)。
地垒状横向调节带为两条同向趋近型断裂在生长过程中鼻状构造不足以调节两者的位移量时发育两条走滑断层来达到应力均衡。桐柏镇调节带是其典型的实例 (见图3、图4)。被桐柏镇调节带所分割的两个凹陷伸展构造特征存在很大差异,廊固凹陷是由北东向大兴断层控制的箕状断陷,大厂凹陷则是由北北东向大厂断层控制的箕状断陷,横向上限制了伸展域的边界范围 (见图3)。在第三系底构造图上大兴断层的垂直断距为6700m,而大厂断层的垂直断距仅有3200m,两者间巨大断层差在断鼻难以调节的情况下产生了桐柏镇断层和侯尚村南断层,调节了两者的应力差。平面上桐柏镇断层和侯尚村断层均与控凹断层呈直角相交,向南东东方向断距逐渐减小,在桐柏镇地区两者成钝角交汇,凸起之上发育次一级网格状正断层。桐柏镇以南随着桐柏镇断层消失,横向鼻状凸起保存完整。由此可以证实它们属于调节纵向伸展域应变与位移的横向调节带。
图2 冀中坳陷中部第三系底 (Tg)构造图Fig.2 Structural map showing Tertiary bottom boundary(Tg)in central Jizhong Depression
图3 冀中坳陷北部基底断层及调节带Fig.3 Basement faults and accommodation zones in northern Jozhing Depression
图4 桐柏镇地垒状横向凸起调节带地震剖面 (T2481测线)Fig.4 Seismic section on the horst-type transverse salient accommodation zone around Tongbai Town
转换断层是具有大量走滑运动分量的横向断层,调节了正断层和伸展构造体系之间的应变。里澜断层是调节牛东断层与河西务东储断层 (系)应变和位移量的转换断层 (见图5),走向北西西,倾向北北东,倾角75°,自西向东断距逐渐减小,断开层位从古生界到新近系[28],受其影响两侧的构造响应存在明显差异。里澜断层受基底区域构造的影响,其南侧以北北东向正、反向正断层相间发育、地堑地垒依次排列为构造特征,断距较大;而北侧以北东向反向正断层为主,以断阶为特点,断距较小。受构造的约束,南侧潜山以断垒和断阶为主,而北侧以断阶和鼻状构造为特征。从伸展量方面分析,在孔店组—沙四段沉积期里澜断层以北凹陷伸展量为8.87km,而里澜断层以南凹陷的伸展量仅为1.19km。从断层的分期和配套分析,里澜断层与控山断层在相互制约中发展,因而里澜断层下降盘潜山规模和幅度远远小于上升盘。
图5 苏桥—杨村地区第三系底 (Tg)构造图Fig.5 Structural map showing Tertiary bottom boundary(Tg)in Suqiao-Yangcun area
鼻状横向调节带和地垒状横向调节带之间存在过渡类型,这类构造的典型特征是鼻状横向调节带 (即横向凸起)之上发育横向和纵向正断层,有时横向凸起一侧可能被一条横向走滑断层所限,鼻状形态因改造而难以识别,如发育在马西断层与河间断层之间的八里庄—薛庄横向调节带 (见图2)。
同向叠覆型调节带发育于两条断层相互叠置部位,当一条断层位移逐渐消失时,另一条断层位移量逐渐增大,通过走向斜坡的形式实现变形的调节[29]。顺走向斜坡有局部伸展时形成呈阶梯状下掉的小断层型式,冀中坳陷多为走向斜坡样式。大兴断层与牛东断层以走向斜坡为其调节应变和位移量 (见图3),从区域构造演化来看,孔店组—沙河街组四段(Ek—Es4)沉积期大兴断裂的大规模活动使廊固凹陷沉积了大约2000m左右的地层,牛东断层的形成促使霸县凹陷也沉积了大约1000m的地层,其走向斜坡向南西方向迅速变浅。该时期容成凸起、牛驼镇凸起、大兴凸起也已具雏形,以这种模式沙河街组三段至二段(Es3—Es2)沉积时达到了最大的规模。从沙河街组三段 (Es3)沉积相图 (见图6)[30]上可以看出,容成凸起提供的粗粒物质顺着牛驼镇凸起西侧的走向斜坡进人廊固凹陷。大兴断层与牛东断层叠覆程度较大,走向斜坡倾向断层面,因此在沉积相图上走向斜坡发育的砾岩顺着大兴断层根部展布。
图6 冀中坳陷沙三期沉积环境图[30]Fig.6 The deposition environment diagram of Sha 3stage in Jizhong Depression[30]
同向平行型调节构造是指控凹边界断层平行且同倾向,在某条断层控制的断陷深度变浅,而在另一条断层相应处断陷加深[2]。如大兴断层与河西务东储断层在应力调节上属于同向平行型 (见图3),以翘曲构造为其典型特征。孔店组—沙河街组三段 (Ek—Es3)沉积期廊固凹陷与武清凹陷基本上是相互贯通的,属于一个统一的断陷盆地[31],大兴断层控制了断陷盆地的沉降-沉积中心,而河西务东储断层中南段在这一时期也开始活动①刘池阳,孙冬胜,赵红格,等.冀中坳陷构造演化研究及有利勘探区带选择.西北大学含油气盆地研究所,2001:100~110.。沙三末期开始,廊固凹陷逐渐抬升,河西务东储断层强烈活动,两个凹陷沉积呈跷跷板现象[32]。受此影响廊固凹陷与武清凹陷在古近纪分别沉积了10000m和7000m的地层。
对向平行型调节构造由倾向相对的断层彼此完全叠覆形成。该类调节构造一般呈背斜或低凸起形态,背斜或低凸起形态和幅度大小与断层段叠覆程度及其在整个断层系中的位置有关。如雁翎背斜潜山在中生代已初具背斜的形态[33],地形相对较高,遭受风化剥蚀,形成良好的溶蚀带。孔店组—沙河街四段 (Ek—Es4)沉积期,同口断层与开始活动;沙河街组三段 (Es3)沉积期,同口断层活动加剧,与同口断层平行且对倾的任西断层也开始活动。从L6470测线 (见图7)上可看出,同口断层活动剧烈而任西断层活动相对较弱,反映出应力调节的均衡性。同时由于局部应力的释放,在背斜带上形成了一些小规模的断层,背斜被形成的断层复杂化 (见图2)。
图7 雁翎潜山带地震剖面 (L6470测线)Fig.7 Seismic section in the Yanling buried hill zone(through 6470 survey line)
对向趋近型调节构造是在倾向相对的断层末端彼此接近形成的一种构造,Scott等[33]和Morley等[5]均认为这种构造型式为走滑断层,在冀中坳陷则主要是以断层分叉来实现应变和位移的转换。控制鄚州潜山带的断层形成即为此应力机制 (见图2)。近东西向展布的牛东断层南段控制了孔店组—沙河街组四段的沉降中心②华北油田勘探开发研究院.霸县凹陷有利区带评价及目标优选.2000.,而马西断层在这一时期并没有强烈活动[32]。沙河街组三段—沙河街组二段沉积期鄚州潜山带北侧北东向展布的牛东断层中段强烈活动,沉积了2400~2500m的地层,鄚州潜山带南侧的马西断层也沉积了近2000m的地层,巨大的应力差通过一个大型的“背斜”型高地传递,其上鄚州断层控制了600~800m的沉积。沙河街组一段—东营组沉积期随着牛东断层活动强度继续北移及马西断层活动强度的南迁,鄚州断层基本不再调节位移量,而以地层塑性变形调节位移。
从构造运动学解析出发研究调节带,弄清形成调节带的控凹断层 (控洼断层)运动量的大小、运动方向及其运动规律,揭示调节带的构造成因,从力学机制上将调节带与伸展正断层系 (包括断凸和断凹体系)区分开来。运用“断层的垂直位移”分析调节带相关断层的活动时期及其强度,总结出冀中坳陷调节带的成因机制。
关于同向趋近型调节带在构造成因方面如何调节应力而呈现构造变形,Morley等在建立模式时认为可能会调节位移[5],陈发景等则认为可能是调节带的初始演化阶段,并指出同向趋近型调节带实际多表现为横向凸起[27]。里澜断层位于霸县凹陷与武清凹陷交界的横向凸起处,在孔店组—沙河街组四段沉积期强烈活动,随后断层对沉积的控制作用趋于停止,但其走滑运动在古近纪一直存在[28]。里澜断层的走滑分量调节了牛东断层与河西务东储断层系间的应力。牛东断层与河西务东储断层系分段性活动明显,其中河西务东储断层系中南段在孔店组—沙河街组三段沉积期开始活动③刘池阳,孙冬胜,赵红格,等.冀中坳陷构造演化研究及有利勘探区带选择.西北大学含油气盆地研究所,2001:100~110.,而北段控制了沙河街组二段的沉降中心,沙河街组一段—东营组沉积期断层系北段与宝坻断层强烈活动[32];牛东断层南段 (牛南断层)控制孔店组—沙河街组三段的沉积中心,中段活动时间比南段稍晚,北段活动时间在新近纪④华北油田勘探开发研究院.霸县凹陷有利区带评价及目标优选.2000.(见图8)。调节两条断层之间应力差异的地质变形体呈现出横向凸起与转换断层并存的地质现象。
图8 产生同向趋近型调节带断层在各时期的运动轨迹Fig.8 The motion trace of the faults which produce the synthetic approaching-type accommodation zone in different period
在断层位移趋向小值的叠覆段断块变形体为一走向斜坡[35],调节断层 (段)的应变。两条叠覆状断层的活动轨迹在地质演化过程中彼此起伏的特征,决定了走向斜坡位移剖面的非对称性[36],同时走向斜坡的坡向也因应力调节方向的改变而改变。控制任丘潜山带的断层由任南断层、任丘断层和任西断层组成,其中任丘断层与任西断层在控制潜山带演化、幅度与范围中起重要的作用,平面上3条断层以左列状排列 (见图2)。通过断层垂直位移分析,古近纪3条断层活动强度交替变换,走向斜坡的范围、坡向也随之变化。沙河街组三段—沙河街组二段沉积期任丘断层活动强度较任西断层大,走向斜坡的坡向偏向于任丘断层面;而沙河街组一段—东营组沉积期任丘断层与任西断层的活动强度正好相反,走向斜坡坡向随之发生变化,偏向于任西断层面 (见图9)。
图9 产生同向叠覆型调节带断层在各时期的运动轨迹Fig.9 The motion trace of the faults which produces the synthetic overlap-type accommodation zone in different periods
Larsen认为同向平行型调节带的构造型式为一个横向凸起[37],Morley等认为有两个横向凸起调节断层应力[5],而冀中坳陷则是以翘曲构造为其典型特征。大兴断层中北段在孔店组—沙河街组三段沉积期伸展活动强烈,中南段在沙河街组二段—东营组沉积期强烈活动[38]。可以看出,古近纪大兴断层活动强度由北强南弱转变为南强北弱。与此相反,河西务东储断层中南段在孔店组—沙河街组三段沉积期强烈活动,随后活动逐渐减弱;而北段在沙河街组二段—东营组沉积期强烈活动[39],在古近纪则是由南强北弱逐渐过渡为北强南弱。大兴断层各断层段与河西务东储断层各断层段在孔店组—沙河街组三段沉积期、沙河街组二段—东营组沉积期活动强度并不相同 (见图10),总体来说断层北段活动强度大于断层南段活动强度,使得河西务潜山带呈北低南高的构造形态,受此改造以翘曲构造定型于断层的叠覆区。
形成对向平行型调节带的两条断层平面上相互平行,位移沿着断层的轨迹被变换[40],在雁翎地区表现为低凸起的构造样式。孔店组—沙河街组四段沉积期,同口断层切开同口变换带进入独立的发展阶段[41];沙河街组三段沉积期,同口断层活动加剧,任西断层形成并剧烈活动,两条断层间形成了纵向低凸起 (见图11);沙河街二段—东营组沉积期,同口断层活动趋于停止,而任西断层进一步活动,受此影响,在纵向低凸起上形成了一系列次级断层 (见图2),对低凸起进一步改造。
图10 产生同向平行型调节带断层在各时期的运动轨迹Fig.10 The motion trace of the faults which produces the synthetic collateral-type accommodation zone in different periods
图11 产生对向平行型调节带断层在各时期的运动轨迹Fig.11 The motion trace of the faults which produce the convergent collateral-type accommodation zone in different period
陈发景在研究东非裂谷时指出,两条对向趋近型断层可通过断层分叉来实现应力的传递[27]。牛东—马西“S”形断裂构造是以鄚州地区地形高地为枢纽带[26],其上发育鄚州断裂带 (见图2)。鄚州断层在孔店组沉积期开始发育⑤刘池阳,孙冬胜,赵红格,等.冀中坳陷构造演化研究及有利勘探区带选择.西北大学含油气盆地研究所,2001:100~110.,沙四段沉积期达到最大,随后断层活动强度逐渐减弱。区域上控制鄚州调节带的牛东断层活动强度古近纪由南到北逐渐迁移⑥华北油田勘探开发研究院.霸县凹陷有利区带评价及目标优选.2000.;马西断层在孔店组—沙河街组三段、沙河街组二段沉积时沉降中心同样也是由南向北迁移 (见图12)。其中调节应力最大的时期为沙河街组三段—沙河街组二段沉积期,沙河街组一段—东营组沉积时鄚州断层活动趋于停止,此时应力调节主要是通过地层的塑性变形来实现的,从而在纵向上形成了底部以断层分叉斜滑与上部呈宽阔翘弯带的双层变形系统。
调节构造对潜山油气成藏的影响主要体现在古构造脊对以不整合为运载层的改造、调整等方面[42],从而制约了以不整合为运载层的油气优势运移方向。实际上并非整个地层的不整合运载层中都发生了油气运移,多数油气是沿优势通道运移的[43],油气可能会在不整合上的一系列纵向构造脊部位聚敛并向上倾方向运移,从而形成了良好的运移通道。
图12 产生对向趋近型调节带断层在各时期的运动轨迹Fig.12 The motion trace of the faults which produce the convergent approaching-type accommodation zone in different periods
图13 任丘潜山断坡Tg构造图 (虚线为构造脊延伸方向,圆圈处为马西洼槽断鼻)Fig.13 Tg structural map in fault ramp of Renqiu buried hill(dashed line is the extension direction of structure ridge,the circle is fault nose of Maxi)
对于任丘潜山的油气聚集成藏,有学者认为地层不整合是油气运移的重要通道[30,39,44],其中马西供烃灶以不整合为输导体向任丘潜山供油[45]。从任丘潜山第三系底构造图 (见图13)上可以看出,在任丘潜山断坡之上发育了一系列横向沟谷和构造脊,其形成主要是裂谷阶段形成的马西断层分段性活动以及任丘断层、任西断层相互调节应力等综合改造的结果,其中对不整合运载层进行改造的构造脊在油气运移中起到的作用类似于 Hindle A D[46]提到的倾伏背斜盖层对于油气二次运移路径的影响。受马西断层分段性活动影响,发育在马西洼槽中的断鼻向任丘断坡延伸不远时即已消失,对任丘潜山坡的改造较小,但对于油气运移仍产生一定影响。
(1)利用构造几何学和调节构造理论分析,将冀中坳陷发育的调节带划分为5种类型。同向趋近型调节带以鼻状、地垒状和转换断层等构造形式分布在马西断层段连接处、桐柏镇地区、里澜地区、衡水地区;同向叠覆型调节带以走向斜坡形式发育在河西务地区、任丘断裂带等地;调节大兴断层与河西务东储断层应力的同向平行型调节带以翘曲的形式改造河西务潜山带;对向平行型调节带以低凸起的形式发育于雁翎地区;发育在鄚州地区的对向趋近型调节带受两期调节应变的改造,形成了底部以断层分叉斜滑与上部呈宽阔翘弯带的双层变形系统。
(2)分析断层 (段)在不同地质时期内的垂直断距变化规律,揭示冀中坳陷主要断层沿走向的运动轨迹,总结出不同类型调节带在地质演化过程中的构造特征。
(3)受马西断层段活动以及任丘断层、任西断层相互调节应力等的综合改造,在任丘潜山断坡之上发育了一系列纵向沟谷和构造脊,为油气沿不整合的纵向运移提供了优势运移通道。
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GEOLOGIC CHARACTER AND EVOLUTION OF THE ACCOMMODATION ZONE IN THE JIZHONG DEPRESSION
LAO Hai-gang,WU Kong-you,CHEN Qing-hua
(Faculty of Geo-Resource and Information,China University of Petroleum,Dongying 257061,China)
According to the accommodation structure theory,in combination with the analysis on geological map and paleo-fall,five accommodation zones and seven structure forms have be recognized in Jizhong Depression.The synthetic approaching-type accommodation zone can occur as nose structure,horst and transform fault,e.g.,it occurs as nose structure exist in fault segment joints,but as coexistence of transform fault and transverse salient in the joints of faults controlling depression.The synthetic overlap-type accommodation zone transfers strain in the form of trend slope.The synthetic collateral-type accommodation zone reforms the Hexiwu buried hill belt in the form of warping.The convergent collateral-type accommodation zone develops in Yanling area in the form of low uplift.The convergent approaching-type accommodation zone,typically observed in the Maozhou hub zone,forms double-layer deformation system,which comprises a bottom of fault bifurcation oblique slip and an upper of wide cup zone.In the geological evolution,a relation of ebb and flow can be obserbed among the activity intensities of the faults which play the part of accommodation.With the effect and reformation of accommodation zone,a migration path for oil and gas,with ancient structural ridge as dominant migration pathway,can be formed on the slop of buried hill.
Jizhongdepression;accommodationzone;structureform;structureevolution;dominant migration pathway
TE121.2
A
1006-6616(2010)03-0294-16
2010-02-21
中石油股份有限公司重点科技攻关项目 (编号:HBYT-WTY-2008-JS-1)部分研究成果
劳海港 (1978-),男,山东东营人,硕士研究生,主要从事油区构造解释研究工作,E-mail:920197209@qq.com