Ｕｎｉｔ １６ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｔ ｗｏｒｋ要点解读

许利芬

一、词语例解

1. advantage

n. (1) 有利条件；优点；优势

He had the advantage of a good education.他具备受过良好教育的优势。

Her education gives her certain advantages over the students in her class. 她所受的教育使她在班上有一定优势。

(2) 利益；好处

There is little advantage in buying a dictionary if you cant read. 假如你不识字，买字典毫无用处。

What is the advantage of using nuclear power?使用核能有何好处?

【搭配】 take advantage of 利用make good use of sb. / sth. 充分利用某人或某事 to ones advantage 对……有利

2. comfort

n. (1) 安逸；舒适

He had to save enough money so that he could live in comfort.他得存足够的钱才能过上舒适的生活。

(2) 使人舒服的设备,方便的东西

She longed for the comforts of home.她渴望获得使家居舒适的各种设备。

(3) 安慰；慰问

We could give him no comfort.我们无法给他安慰。

Her kindness gave him much comfort.她的慈善给了他很大的慰藉。

(4) 安慰者；给予安慰的东西

She was a great comfort to me when I was ill.我生病时她给了我极大的安慰。

Its a comfort to be with you.与你在一起使人得到安慰。

v. 安慰；慰问

They tried to comfort her, but what could they say?他们想要安慰她,但能说什么呢?

I tried to comfort Jane after her mothers death.琼的母亲去世以后我尽力劝慰她。

3. conduct

vt. (1) 引导；带领

I asked the attendant to conduct him to the door. 我请服务员带他到门口。

The guide conducted us round the park. 导游带我们到公园转了一圈。

(2) 实施；处理；经营；管理

Benjamin Franklin conducted a number of experiments in which he showed what electricity is. 富兰克林做了大量的试验，在这些实验中展示了什么是电。

They hired agents to conduct their affairs.他们雇请代理人来处理他们的事务。

（3）为人；表现

How does the new clerk conduct himself? 那个新职员表现得如何？

He has been conducted himself well. 他表现得很好。

（4） 指挥(军队,乐队等)

Mr. Green will conduct the orchestra.格林先生将指挥这支管弦乐队。

（5）【物】传导(热,电等)

Most metals conduct electricity.大多数金属能导电。

Copper conducts electricity better than other materials do. 铜的导电性能比其他材料好。

n. （1）行为；品行；举动

She always got the good conduct prize.她总是得到品行优良奖。

The teacher scolded him because his conduct was so bad.老师责骂他因为他表现不好。

【拓展】 conduction n. 传导，导电，导热。conductive adj.导热的，导电的，能传导的

conductivity n.传导性，传导力

4. electric

adj. （1）电的；导电的

I got an electric shock from the wire.我被这根电线电击了一下。

（2）用电的；电动的

The child likes electric toys. 这孩子喜欢电动玩具。

（3）令人震惊的；极其强烈的

His speech had an electric effect on the audience.他的演讲令观众震惊不已。

【辨析】 electric表示“用电的；电动的”，例如： electric fan电扇electric heater电热炉而electrical表示“与电有关的；电气科学的”。例如：

He is an electrical engineer. 他是个电气工程师。

5. charge

vt & vi. (1) 要价

How much do you charge for mending shoes?修鞋需要多少钱?

This store often charges only 65 US cents a dozen for large eggs.一打大鸡蛋在这家店里常常仅索价六十五美分。

(2)充电

If the light comes on，the battery isnt charging. 灯亮了电池就不充电了。

The battery needs to be charged.这电池需要充电了。

(3)冲向；袭击

The children charged down the stairs.孩子们冲向楼下。

They charged the enemy three times.他们向敌人发起过三次袭击。

n. （1） 费用；价钱；索价

The charge for admission is US$5. 入场费五美元。

（2）照顾；被照顾的人(或事物)

She became her aunts charge after her mother died.母亲去世后她由姑妈照管。

（3）控告；指控

He was arrested on the charge of robbery. 他因被控犯有抢劫罪而被捕。

6. shock

n. （1）冲击；冲撞；震动

Earthquake shocks are often felt in Japan.在日本常常感觉到地震引起的震动。

（2） 震惊；引起震惊的事件(或东西)；打击

The news of his death was a shock to us. 他去世的消息令我们震惊。

（3） 电击；休克；中风

The traffic accident sent him into a state of shock. 那次交通事故使他处于休克状态。

vt. （1） 使震动，使震惊(或愤慨，厌恶等)

They were shocked by her rudeness.他们对她的无礼感到震惊。

His deeds shocked her out of making friends with him. 他的行径使她大为震惊,不想与他交朋友了。

（2） 使电击；使休克

She got shocked when she touched the live wire. 她在触到通电的电线时受到电击。

7. doubt

n. 怀疑；疑虑；未确定[(+ about)][+whether / if]

There is no doubt that he is guilty. 毫无疑问，他是有罪的。

I have (my) doubts about whether he is the best man for the job. 我怀疑他是否是做这项工作的最好人选。

The light is out, and it is very early. There is no doubt that he isnt in. 屋里没点灯，现在时间还早，毫无疑问，他不在家。

vt. 怀疑；不相信；不能肯定[+ whether / if] [ + that]

I doubt whether Tom has taken my watch.我不太相信汤姆拿了我的手表。

The judge doubted him.法官怀疑他。

I do not doubt that he will succeed.我肯定他会成功。

vi. 怀疑 [(+ of / about)]

They doubted of the feasibility of the project. 他们对这个计划的可行性表示怀疑。

He doubted about everything. 他对一切都持怀疑态度。

【拓展】 doubt常见句型：

【搭配】 beyond (all) doubt 毫无疑问；无疑地in doubt怀疑；不肯定；拿不准 no doubt 肯定地；想必；十之八九without(a) doubt 毫无疑问；一定地

二、 短语精析

1. make use of利用

We will make good use of our time.我们将好好利用我们的时间。

We should make use of water to produce electricity.我们应当利用水力来发电。

2. go against 违背；不利于

She went against her father.她违背了她父亲。

The war is going against us.战局对我们不利。

3. take on 穿上；呈现；吸收；承担

The insect can take on the color of its surroundings.这种昆虫能随环境改变而变色。

He is unwilling to take on heavy responsibilities.他不愿承担重任。

4. tieto把……系在……上

He tied a horse to the tree.他把马系在树上。

【拓展】 join A to B把A和B连接起来

You should never join an electric wire to a water pipe.你千万不要把电线接在水管上。

It is possible to join the island to the mainland by a bridge. 用桥把那座岛屿与大陆连接起来是可能的。

5. add ... to ... 把某物加入某物

If you add 4 to 3 you will get 7.四加三得七。

If the tea is too strong, add some more water to it. 如果茶太浓，再加些水。

【拓展】 add to sth. 是“增加”的意思。

The bad weather added to our difficulties. 坏天气增加了我们的困难。

add up to是“总计，共计”的意思。

These numbers add up to 100.这些数目合计为100。

6. test on 在……上做试验；测验

Many people are against new drugs being tested on animals. 很多人反对用动物来做新药试验。

The teacher tested the whole class on the new words.老师对全班进行生词测验。

三、句式点睛

1. Tie the corners of the handkerchief to the points of the cross, and you will have a nice strong kite.将手帕的各角系到十字架的顶部，你就做成了一个结实的风筝了。

本句为“祈使句 + and / or + 陈述句”结构，在这种结构中，当前后两部分为承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关系时，用or。例如：

Take more exercise and youll feel healthy. 多锻炼身体，你就会身体健康。

Hurry up，or youll be late. 快点，否则会迟到的。

在这个结构中，前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句，但必须将and 或or 去掉。再如：

Use your head and youll find a way. = If you use your head, youll find a way.

Hurry up, or youll be late. = If you dont hurry up, youll be late.

2. Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lightning, I decide to do an experiment. 在意识到可以使用风筝捕捉闪电之后，我决定做一个试验。

句中的“Having realized that ...”是现在分词短语作时间状语，表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，相当于“After I had realized that ...”。注意分词的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致，即realized的主语也是I。例如：

Having finished his homework, Jack ran out to play basketball. 做完家庭作业之后，杰克跑出去打篮球。

Having been given such a good chance, he wouldnt give it up to others.大家给了他这么好的一个机会，他不会把机会让给别人。

3. The string was getting charged！绳子正在被充电！

get charged意为“被充电”。最基本的被动语态是由“be+过去分词”构成的，但在现代英语中经常出现“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态，这时get起be动词的作用。作“变得”解，（相当于become），用于表示突然发生,未曾预料的事态。例如：

Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic accidents on the roads. 每年在公路交通事故中遇难身亡的人数以百计。

My watch got broken while I was playing basketball. 我的手表在打篮球时给弄坏了。

In the crowd I got separated from my family. 在人群中，我和家人失散了。

注意： get-型被动语态一般不可接介词短语引出的动作执行者，如要表示动作的执行者，则需用“be+过去分词”。例如：

The boy was hurt by a car on his way to school. 这孩子在他上学的路上被车伤着了。

4. I had traveled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent before the winds became too strong.一天我只走了两个小时，风突然加大，我只好趁风力还不太大之前竖起帐篷。

句中的before连词意为“在……以前”，它引导状语从句。由于汉英表达习惯的不同，在将before汉译时，其译法却多种多样。常见的有以下几种：

1. 直译成“（在）……（以或之）前”。这时主句与before从句中的两个动作按时间先后依次发生。例如：

Before I enter on the subject I have something to say. 在讨论这一问题之前，我有些话要说。

They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated. 他们家乡解放前生活很苦。

2. 译成“（后）……才”。例如：

The train had left before he got to the station. 火车开了他才到车站。

It seemed a long time before my turn came. 似乎过了好大一会儿才轮到我。

3. 译成“未……就”或“还没有（来得及）……就”。例如：

The day began to break before we got to the hilltop. 我们还没有到达山顶天就开始亮了。

Before I could say a single word, he ran away. 我连一句话也没来得及说他就跑了。

4. 译为“趁（着）”。例如：

Study hard before it is too late. 趁早努力学习。

Ill do it now before I forget. 趁着还没忘记，我现在就做。

5. There is no doubt that 100 years ago animal testing was cruel but today animals in experiments are very well taken care of.毫无疑问，100年前的动物测试是残酷的，但如今，试验中的动物受到了很好的照料。

句中that引导的名词性从句是对名词doubt的解释说明，这种句子称为同位语从句。同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等，说明这些名词的具体内容，引导词只起引导作用，不在从句中作任何成分，一般不可省略。例如：

The news that he had not pass the exam depressed him a lot. 没有通过考试的消息让他很沮丧。

They did not believe the report that the area was dangerous. 他们不相信这一地区有危险的报道。